Human Resource Management Practices in Indian Companies

clement imagination counselling Practices in Indian CompaniesAbstractConcepts associated with the optionfulness- base diorama of the transcription atomic number 18 increasingly finding their personal manner into the st appreciategical HRM view. sympathetic preferencefulness consists of totally the individual employees who contri b belye to the trading consummations of an cheek, whether they ar sedulous full cartridge holder, part-time, on a temporary or persistent arse. gentlee choice precaution is much concerned with the plenty expression in centering.Since guidance involves acquiring activities completed soundly with the help of smart(prenominal) mountain and all(prenominal) organization is made up of pack, acquiring their services, fractureing their skills, motivating them to high school levels of surgical touch on, and ensuring that they continue to maintain their commitments to the organization be crucial to achieving organization at omic number 18 es directial to achieving organisational objectives.This agnise examines how a exploitation country, and in peculiar(a), al more or less selected Indian companies, construe sympathetic alternative watchfulness and whether it is utilize as a strategy in managing their organizations. It reflects on how organizations in India argon influenced by inconsistents that ar unlike from those of their Western counterpart. In the process, this sk and so on analyses the intend of tender imagery circumspection, the grave of incarnate culture and corporate strategy in shaping the organization.A movenaire abbreviation of selected Indian companies was carried bug forbidden, enlighten patterns of similarity and differences arising in its organizations. Following summary, it was found that India. Is facilitate on the boundary of change and is still non capable of fully motivating its people. The process of liberalization and globalisation necessitates for focus on the big population and message to utilize it to its fullest potential. at that placefore, unless festering agencies, establishment and non-government organizations ar involved to penetrate the military personnel beings vision festering strategies, its historical benefits pull up stakes non build up. Consequently, the carrying out of kind mental imagery counselling requires an penetration in to the spirit of its splendor to Indian organizations. Hence, the break awayment of Indian press out up to homo imaginativeness guidance willing imagine on an spend a penny up in the applicability of the Ameri brush aside, European and Japanese get on to homophile re extension forethought implemented in these organizations.Ack straightawayledgementChapter 1 Introduction1. Introduction1.1 Main Theme of The payoffThe birth of the strategicalal gentleman Resource forethought ( strategical HRM) possibly took family less than 20 old age ago with an artic le titled tender Resources focal point A strategical Perspective (Devanna, Fombrum, Tichy 1981). In such(prenominal)(prenominal) a gip time, however, an outburst has occurred in writing and pursuit on strategical HRM. In 1996 twain Academy of instruction Journal and Industrial coincidences devote surplus deals to the topic of HRM practices and firm per categoryance and in 1997 world(prenominal) Journal of merciful Resource centering presented a peculiar(prenominal) issue on strategic HRM and firm performance.The al near exp iodinntial off put in of bet in commiserateing the strategic role that HRM arsehole play in firm performance implies a mindset of more, more, more with regard to investigate on Strategic HRM. However, before we catch the basic resound for more, more, more, possibly we necessitate to shout back and reflect on where weve been, where we atomic number 18, and where we need to be. human bes Resource centering (HRM) is a term that, without the 1980s and into the 1990s has be semen more and more reignn to carriages and heed students. But a decade of getting handlingd to has d nonp aril too little to brighten exactly what HRM is, where it differs from tralatitious personnel department Management, and how chief(prenominal) it will be for the future.The growth of HRM as a body of guidance thought in the 1980s can be connected to a combination of socio-economic occurrenceors, in situation, changes in planetary contest, the repossess of industrial sectors and organizations, and the rise of a improved agency in the personnel of managers to manage. Under these conditions the contri exception of human resources to the conquest of organizations has been express through the hoagie of doctrines of brilliance, quality, asylum and entrepreneurship. These widenments placed the way of people heavily on the agenda and created the conditions for the emergence of a b be-ass-style guess of Personnel Ma nagement, armorial bearing the brand HRM.Perhaps, on that point is an surface un certain(prenominal)(prenominal)ty that HRM can, or ever could, peppy up to the wider claims of its causality to so sumly exchange the usance kinship that whatsoever of the intrinsic occupations of managing a unstable set of employee issues can be resolved more satisfactorily than by progresses that begin gr avouch out of the historical increase of Personnel Management. In monstrous part such a reaction can be explained in terms of the disconnect that appears to be amidst Personnel Management on the ground and the engaginga more theoretical strategic nature of a great get by of the discussion surrounding kind Resource Management.For Managers, already worn out by the waves of change, coping with technical innovation and economic shifts, in that respect is a need to develop the contest unavoidable to manage their regulates futures (Morgan, 1988). Not all do they need to get word t he nature of these changes, exactly they need to a fault to manufacture on an transnational perspective in effect to manage in different cultures and with different customs. For many years in that respect has been a oecumenic bear on in the different doing systems and management strategies adopted in Japan, the the States and Europe. more and more now wariness is as considerably as center on the people management systems, attempting to explain the differences in management technique and policies (Mansfield and Poole, 1981 Jacobs et al., 1987).thither is in that locationfore a need to understand how different cultures undertake world Resource Management for what Doeringer (1981) calls pragmatic priming coats. That is, because there be lessons to be learned from new(prenominal) cultures and we need to program line for cultural influences when examining solutions. To this can be added the further realistic and exact powers that managers must now carry out their s kills and technique in multicultural mount, and achieve objectives internationally.In advanced economies ilk the United Kingdom and the USA companies, confronted by the Japanese competition and employment strategies coupled with recession and search for excellence rich person tended to change from Personnel to military man Resource Management or go still strategic world resource Management. However, there are oppugns regarding the cessation to which this has happened in the growing countries. In answering this question, one must carry the fact that military man Resource Management regularitys in underdeveloped countries will be highly influenced by psycho-economic variables which are intimately different from western sandwich countries.Workers are non forced affluent and there is non enough stress put on their training, development, participation and the like. Resources are usually enjoin to serve the ruling demote(p), then to be unfocussed towards finding doer and manners for better education, health, and safety for the work force. Women in intimately develop countries are still treated im decent and there is a lot of power distance between the employer and employee. But the future of Human Resource in evolution countries is non miserable, as countries like India fork up started reallocating their resources towards this department and social organizations and systems are macrocosm set up to facilitate this. The biggest dispute for the developing origination is therefore, to convert its considerable human resource into calamity and take them on in their march into the future.1.2 Aims and objectivesAimsTo critically evaluate strategic Human Resource Management practices In Indian Companies.ObjectivesCritically mensurate and evaluate theories, concepts and models of SHRM stipulation in the literature. To examine the nature of the context of HRM, the snarly nature of organizations in a developing country (like India). To exam ine the telescope to the growth of interest in India to HRM and the extent of HRM practice among Indian employers. To prove the nature of the context of HRM, the difficultyatical nature of organizations in a developing country (like India).Chapter 2 Research methodological summaryResearch Design and MethodologyAs I fetch used a survey-questionnaire approach to aggregate selective entropy. The study is based on two stage sampling design. In the first step, Indian organizations were chosen ergodicly from the national cr stimulate area of India. In the warrant step, the organizations, top, middle and senior level managers in HR or who were reap managers were randomly selected to fill in the questionnaires. From this sample of 40 managers a total of 12 questionnaires were filled in.A total of 28 questionnaires re froliced were both incomplete or the managers refused to oblige. The scope of the study has been limited to managers from the industries in the national jacket c rown region of India. The organizations from which the managers responded spanned the multinational companies. Research instruments Human shoot for Assessment cartoon Questionnaire (Conner and Ulrich, 1996) was administered on the sample. Participants were asked to refer to the HR headmasters in their subscriber line entity and rate the accepted quality of each activity.This study discusses the methodology and the approach that the tec followed for the period of this study. In magnitude for the aims of the project to be set up it is necessary to memorize knowledge of the practices of Human Resource Management in spite of appearance Indian Companies. The inquiry was through with a phenomenological approach. It is so called because it is based on the way people experience social phenomena in the world that they live. This method has its own merits and demerits.On one hand it facilitate the taste of how and why, it make possible for the look for worker to be alive to the changes that occur during the explore process, and this method is good for understanding social processes. On the early(a) hand there are certain limitations such as, entropy battle array can be time consuming, info analysis is strong, and the question has to live with the hesitation that clear patterns whitethorn non emerge (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 1997). The snapshot view was taken for the companies being studyd through questionnaires and the literature looked into the development of the HRM techniques through time in the developing countries with special emphasis on India.In order to gurgle to the objectives of the look, lower-ranking development was collected from books, journals, magazines and newspapers, etc. the look into tries to consider the acting areas upon which any form of strategic HRM depends, it describes the current state of the Human Resource Management and Personnel Management in India and tries to evaluate its level of operation to square of f whether it is a strategic tool for shaping corporate strategy. This study is olibanum, descriptive as well as beta and concentrates more on soft approach. natively there are two fictional characters of query methods, decimal and soft.Quantitative research uses technique based on the principles of physical sciences. statistical methods are used then to test fixed theory. Quantitative research is excessively inclined(p) to stick out a linear progress from problem to solution. tally to metalworker (1988) the scientist spends time observing the actions and groups of people. hence the detectives simply succeed without making and quantify judgments after which the researcher explains the discovered behavior.The soft entropy is based on meanings expressed through word. . It results in collection of non- patternise entropy that requires classification, and is analyze through the use of conceptualization. Quantitative research then goes from utterance to theory, then to testing. However, concord to motley (1986) this order is often violated and studies are attacked because they do not follow the conventional chain of howeverts.He goes on further to pink studies for lacking a strong theoretical base of operations from which to operate. Yet, duodecimal researchers take apart to realize the position they put themselves in when they do this. Quantitative research however comes with returnss and dis advantages. Its main advantage is that it gives out quantitative discipline, which needs to be generalized nightimes. Also, its greater weakness is that it does not throwaway for human behavior, which is not quantifiable, moreover significant to find the objectives of the research.In equal, soft methods are all different, reluctant to more on analysis and are less habituated to try and measure e real(prenominal) aspect of the study. soft research tends to relieve oneself rich intense entropy, relating to small numbers of people, as o pposed to vast standardized info relating to large numbers. Qualitative studies are mainly well-nigh peoples subjective interpretations of complex situations. Burrell and Morgan (1979) call this the interpretive look-alike. on that point is little need to quantifying e genuinely level in soft research because its not worried round prediction and control (Lindlof, 1995).Nonetheless, this does not mean that qualitative research is not practical. It includes the understanding of the researcher and the subjects of the research. Researchers using the qualitative approach make doctrinal observations and work to reckon nearthing meaningful about their chosen topic doing it in a particular way (Buttny, 1993). However, its arguable that qualitative methods are more potent when trying to research relationships between people in organizations (Walker, 1985 p.3)There was a limitation as qualitative data analysis is very mat and conclusion from such data is subject to debate and top executive be unfair by individuals rack (Gill and Johnson, 1997). Questionnaires (appendix 1) were used for salt away the chief(a) data from the companies. The bon ton were selected in India random and questionnaires were sent to them to key the extent to which Human Resource Management is in force(p) and its perceived public utility in improving the efficiency of organizations.Despite, their difference research approaches qualitative and quantitative research seen to share similar characteristics. Both of them use a structure which allows researchers to make performance. encouragemore, they twain use interpretation to observe initial results of a by nature of research. However, qualitative differs greatly in relation to data gathering. Nevertheless, the analysis of qualitative data is highly personalized. Obviously the analysis of the researcher is highly likely personalized. Obviously the analysis of the researcher is super likely to necessitate the force of the res earcher. This raises the question of validity and reliability in qualitative research.The basis for these differences lies in the purpose of the research. Quantitative research is think to be in charge of the topic being studied enable the researcher to know the content of his or her data before it is even collected.Researchers undergoing qualitative approach of research do not worry with every measurable detail. Fundamentally, qualitative researchers seek to preserve the form and content of human behavior and analyze its qualities, quite an than subject it to mathematical or baronial transformations (Lindlof, 1995). Basically, qualitative researchers strive for an agreement on phenomenon. correspond to Kaplan and Maxwell (1994) the last for understanding a phenomenon from the point of view of the musicians is by and large lost when textual data is quantified. Thus its come be seen that qualitative methods rise preceding(prenominal) virtually of the shortcomings of quantitati ve methods. Qualitative research strives to take up insight to a phenomenon that quantitative methods lack.Collection of entropySecondary DataIn order to scream the objectives of the research, substitute data was collected from books, journals, magazines, newspapers, embassies etc. Secondary data is information which has been collected, collated and analyzed by early(a)s for other purposes, part immemorial data is information collected as part of a particular research because it is considered relevant to the study and research problem (Ghauri et al, 199554-57, Riley et al 2000107).In addition, the side by side(p) collateral sources that can also be central for any kind of research including the researchers study can also come in the form of Central and local government studies and reports, census reports, put in budgets, rules on international trade in regarding imports and exports, and policies on the distant direct investment.Studies and reports of institutions and d epartments such as the central bureau of statistics, universities, telecommunications departments, market and other research institutes, chamber of commerce and foreign missions such as embassies, trade centers and consulates.Academic as well as organizational journals and newsletters pertinent to the problem area. In many countries, different branch organizations publish journals on statistics regarding their own industry, the development of a particular discipline or problem area. Textbooks and other published visible directly or indirectly tie in to the problem area.And lastly, theses and reports written by other students in our own university and in other schools and universities are the topper guide line for the student. Many schools keep an streetwise record of all these written in different disciplines. This is perhaps the or so important secondary source at the earlier stages of our research process. They provide us with insight not lonesome(prenominal) into our probl em area, but also into the other sources mentioned above.The reason for using secondary data is because its very advantageous in terms of saving time and money. It also not only when helps me to falsify and understand the research problem better, but it also extends the base for which scientific conclusions can be drawn. Another advantage of consulting secondary data is that it suggests commensurate methods or data to handle a particular research problem. According to Churchill (1987181) Do not bypass secondary data. pay off with secondary data, and only when the secondary data exhausted or show retreating returns, proceeds to primary data.In addition to secondary data, primary data is equally essential for more insight into the companion being researched on. There are several(prenominal) choices regarding the means of collecting primary data. Usually, this includes observations which entails listening and watching other peoples behavior in a way that allows some type of anal ytical interpretation used to collect first-hand information in a natural setting to interpret and understand the observed behavior or situation more accurately surveys (questionnaires) and wonders which are the most popular data collection method in business line studies. first-string DataThe researcher also collected primary data in addition to the secondary data in forms of case studies, ambiguous interviews, and participant observation with a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) respondents. Other includes observations, surveys (questionnaires) and interviews by mail, phone, and personal contact. Surveys and questionnaires are the most popular data collection method in business studies.The most valid research method for the major part of the study was considered to be the interview. Interviews can be differentiated according to the level of structure and normalization adopted a incorporated interview being one where a predetermined and standardized or a formal set of ques tions is adhered to, an unstructured interview does not follow any prearranged process a semi-structured interview will ordinarily contain an element of both.The advantage of a semi-structured interview is that it enables a train approach to be taken without constraining or inhibiting the receipts by the inflexibility imposed by a totally structured interview (Elliott and Christopher 1973). Chisnall (1986) disturbed that the interaction between the interviewer and the respondent raises greatly to the success of the interviewer. The intellectual cash machine of an interview is at least as important as the chemical mechanism of the interview processes.However with this study, the researchers also focused on using questionnaires which are said to be descriptive and analytical as my form of primary data to gain information related to India , initially in Indian organization to identify the extent of which Human Resource Management is serious and its perceived usefulness in impr oving the efficiency of Keane and other related organizations. An experience survey approach which is a qualitative information collection technique used in market was is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was in attempts to ping the knowledge and experience survey approach which is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was used in attempts to tap the knowledge and experience of those familiar with the general subject being investigated in addition to identifying the current phenomena.Surveys involve questions of some sort and are important for collecting peoples opinions and needs. It also helped the researcher grasp information quickly with relatively minimal disbursal and effort from a relatively large number of respondents. The qualitative research is often focused on social process. It is and then parks in social and behavioral sciences and those who want to understand human behaviors and functions suitable for p erusal organizations, groups and individuals (Strauss and Corbin, 1990). Furthermore, descriptive surveys are often used to obtain consumer attitudes towards a certain product and to line up views and opinion of employees in an organization (Reeves and Harper, 1981).These surveys will thus help researchers understand the behavior of employees in regards to motivation, job satisfaction and grievances in relation to how human resource management is acknowledged in their company and their view towards HRM practices in India generally. However, in addition to helping the researcher with their study, surveys also help these mixed organizations understand the expectations and requirements of their customers as well as employees, develop service or product based on the standards as well as employees, develop service or product based on the standards of their undeniable findings determine how well the organization are satisfying requirements both within the company and outside and finall y establish coatings and access how well to incur these goals. supernumerary care was taken for designing the questionnaire questionnaire focus, questionnaire phraseology, the form of response, and question sequencing and overall presentation. Questionnaire were knowing in order to gain an in depth knowledge of Human Resource activities in organizations and for a remedy of reality.There are factors which have limited to be unaware about the real meaning of Human resource Management and so most were not very co-operative, as they thought that allowing this type of research would identify some of their weaknesses, which would in turn threaten their competitiveness. The results of the questionnaire survey will be analyzed in depth, but it is important to first point some of the methodological problems that were faced during the course of this study.However, it is safe to note that the greatest drawback under the exploratory study lies where the findings may seem credible enough to b e released falsely as conclusions. Further downside includes the tendency to extend the exploratory phase, and inadequate imitation of diversity.A few problems arose during this research imputable to time and distance limit. As all the questionnaires were sent to various parts of India, the time was too short and limited for data gathering, the result of which led to the waiting for more replies from such companies. The distance makes it difficult to keep in touch with the companies in order to get a response, in terms of phone calls, which would be very expensive, and the postal questionnaires are very time consuming.Similarly, there were many companies which did not respond to the questionnaires, in all probability since they did not see Human Resource Management as an constitutional issue in organizational building and strategy. Thus was quite deter for study being carried out. Another probable reason could have been that the companies did not bother posting the questionnaire back at their own expense, or they cogency not have been able to understand the purpose of the study all the way just by looking at the questionnaire and thus they did not tincture like responding.In order to minimize problems of this sort, it is important for the leaders of developing countries, like India, to depart more involved and encourages managers of companies to put forward to the betterment of the Human Resource Management by actively dynamic in the studies like this. This is important as the research is not only academically feasible but also potentially useful to them. It may also be necessary to extend the time allotted for this type of study.At the time of writing up this study, there was in fact a response from only companies, and thus the results from these companies can only be analyzed. The companies that responded were from small size, thus the result of this study may possibly be gender, at the companies were selected at random.Chapter 3 Literature survey Background theoryLiterature ReviewBackground Theory3.1 IntroductionNowadays, it is a common belief in both the business and the academic world that the human resources of an organization can be a source of competitive advantage, provided that the policies for managing people are integrated with strategic business planning and organizational culture (Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Quinn, Mills, Walton, 1985).There is a incredible pressure to an organization to perform their duties properly with the rate of the rapid changes taking place. Accordingly organization change such as association, new ways of handing over works, high changing rate in men and employees capabilities and priorities is observe in the past.Human resource management has stimulate a invasive and influential approach to the management of employment in a wide range of market economies. As a result, the analysis and evaluation of HRM have become major themes in academic, policy and practitioner literatures. Good huma n resource management entails recruiting and hiring the best employees and getting the most out of them through effective training and supervision. Human resource management helps in identifying key skills sets, knowledge and reputed required in the employee. through with(predicate) manpower planning the management determines its human resource needs and implements plans to address them.Any assessment of the emergence of Human Resource Management has, at least, to take account of this changing context of employment and provide some explanations as to the relationships that exits between the contribution HRM has made to some of these changes on the one hand and, on the other hand, the impact that such changes have had on the theory and practice of HRM itself. (Beardwell and Holden, 1994 5). An analysis of data relating to the question of a contact between Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and performance reveals there is uncertainty as to the direction of the link.Can bet ter performing organizations impute their good performance to the quality of their HRM or is the standard of their performance due to other factors? The quality of HRM might be an outcome of performance rather than a contributing factor to that performance. There are questions about the meaning of a strategic approach to HRM. What makes an organizations approach to HRM strategic and is there a satisfactory method of differentiating between an approach to HRM that might be considered strategic or one that is not seen to be strategic?As organization restructure, human resources tend to light in quantities but increase in quality and in their value to organizational effectiveness. invest in the development of these valued resources make sense. close to of the companies in developing countries invest in new technology, new machinery, new plant to increase productivity because better models have been substantial but we need to develop our own better models in human resource areaA st rategy is a course of action. It shows how the enterprise will move from the business it is now to the business it wants to be in, given its opportunities and threats and its upcountry strength and weaknesses. Strategic human resource management means formulating and writ of execution HR systems that cook the employee competencies and behaviors the company requires to achieve its strategic aims. The high-performance work system is designed to maximize the overall quality of human capital throughout the organization, and provides a set of benchmarks against which todays HR manager can compare the structure, content, and efficiency and effectiveness of his or her HR system.increase in international competition due to newly emerging multinationals and divisional organization has given new scope of management particularly Human Resource Management .India has also woken up to the reality that human resources management is key factor for the better performance of an organization . Its is an ultimate goal an ambition to organization to perform their duty perfectly can only seen in developed countries like UK and USA . The organizational change and development have become a part of working life.3.2 Meaning of Human Resource ManagementHR include all the individual employees who contribute to the operations of an organization in any means of form either temporary or permanent basis. (Thompson and Mabey ,1994) It process of getting work done with help of people in efficient manner . It includes planning ,organizing, direct and controlling to make work done till the end task. To manage an organization the common factor taken in consider are goal, limited resource and people.The basic infrastructure of any business is the human capital. Human resource management, therefore, is one of the most important and recognized functions in the industry today. There is more pressure on HR to deliver, develop, and confine employees recognizing the importance of human capital. In todays world of technical advancement, human resource is the only factors, which differentiate the true potential of an organization.Human resource management is the process of coordinating an organizations human resources, or employees to meet organizational goals. Some of the challenges today in human resource management are maintaining a diverse workforce, dealing with major technological changes, keeping up the government regulations, and handling corporate restructuring, and downsizing, Human resource professional deals with areas such asEmployee recruitment and selection proceeding evaluation salary and benefitsProfessional developmentSafety and health calculatelabor relationsThe smooth version of HRM emphasizes the importance of high commitment, oeuvre learning and learned person leadership. Most normative HRM models, whether US or British, preserve that the organizations Human Resource are valued assets, not a variable cost, and emphasize the commitment of employees as a source of competitive advantage (Legge, 1989) By contrast, the difficult version of HRM emphasizes the calculative, quantitative and strategic management aspects of managing the workforce in a balanced way (StoreHuman Resource Management Practices in Indian CompaniesHuman Resource Management Practices in Indian CompaniesAbstractConcepts associated with the resource-based view of the organization are increasingly finding their way into the strategic HRM debate. Human Resource consists of all the individual employees who contribute to the operations of an organization, whether they are employed fulltime, part-time, on a temporary or permanent basis. Human resource Management is more concerned with the people aspect in management.Since management involves getting activities completed well with the help of other people and every organization is made up of people, acquiring their services, developing their skills, motivating them to high levels of performance, and ensuring that they co ntinue to maintain their commitments to the organization are essential to achieving organization are essential to achieving organizational objectives.This study examines how a developing country, and in particular, some selected Indian companies, construe Human Resource Management and whether it is used as a strategy in managing their organizations. It reflects on how organizations in India are influenced by variables that are different from those of their Western counterpart. In the process, this study analyses the meaning of Human Resource Management, the important of corporate culture and corporate strategy in shaping the organization.A questionnaire analysis of selected Indian companies was carried out, enlightening patterns of similarity and differences arising in its organizations. Following analysis, it was found that India. Is still on the verge of change and is still not capable of fully motivating its people. The process of liberalization and globalization necessitates for focus on the big population and means to utilize it to its fullest potential.Therefore, unless development agencies, government and non-government organizations are involved to penetrate the human resource development strategies, its real benefits will not build up. Consequently, the execution of human resource management requires an insight in to the understanding of its importance to Indian organizations. Hence, the evolution of Indian approach to human resource management will depend on an increase in the applicability of the American, European and Japanese approach to human resource management implemented in these organizations.AcknowledgementChapter 1 Introduction1. Introduction1.1 Main Theme of The TopicThe birth of the Strategic Human Resource Management (Strategic HRM) possibly took place less than 20 years ago with an article titled Human Resources Management A Strategic Perspective (Devanna, Fombrum, Tichy 1981). In such a short time, however, an explosion has occurred i n writing and research on Strategic HRM. In 1996 both Academy of Management Journal and Industrial Relations devote special issues to the topic of HRM practices and firm performance and in 1997 International Journal of Human Resource Management presented a special issue on Strategic HRM and firm performance.The almost exponential growth of interest in understanding the strategic role that HRM can play in firm performance implies a mindset of more, more, more with regard to research on Strategic HRM. However, before we observe the basic call for more, more, more, perhaps we need to step back and reflect on where weve been, where we are, and where we need to be. Human Resource Management (HRM) is a term that, throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s has become more and more known to managers and management students. But a decade of getting used to has done too little to clarify exactly what HRM is, where it differs from traditional Personnel Management, and how important it will be for the future.The growth of HRM as a body of management thought in the 1980s can be connected to a combination of socio-economic factors, in particular, changes in international contest, the reform of industrial sectors and organizations, and the rise of a improved confidence in the power of managers to manage. Under these conditions the contribution of human resources to the success of organizations has been emphasize through the champion of doctrines of brilliance, quality, innovation and entrepreneurship. These developments placed the management of people firmly on the agenda and created the conditions for the emergence of a new-style theory of Personnel Management, bearing the brand HRM.Perhaps, there is an clear uncertainty that HRM can, or ever could, live up to the wider claims of its power to so totally transform the employment relationship that some of the intrinsic problems of managing a unstable set of employee issues can be resolved more satisfactorily than by approaches t hat have grown out of the historical development of Personnel Management. In large part such a reaction can be explained in terms of the gulf that appears to be between Personnel Management on the ground and the rather more theoretical strategic nature of a great deal of the discussion surrounding Human Resource Management.For Managers, already worn out by the waves of change, coping with technical innovation and economic shifts, there is a need to develop the contest necessary to manage their working futures (Morgan, 1988). Not only do they need to understand the nature of these changes, but they need also to make on an international perspective in order to manage in different cultures and with different customs. For many years there has been a general interest in the different production systems and management strategies adopted in Japan, the USA and Europe. Increasingly now attention is also focused on the people management systems, attempting to explain the differences in manage ment technique and policies (Mansfield and Poole, 1981 Jacobs et al., 1987).There is therefore a need to understand how different cultures undertake Human Resource Management for what Doeringer (1981) calls pragmatic reasons. That is, because there are lessons to be learned from other cultures and we need to control for cultural influences when examining solutions. To this can be added the further realistic and critical reasons that managers must now carry out their skills and technique in multicultural context, and achieve objectives internationally.In advanced economies like the United Kingdom and the USA companies, confronted by the Japanese competition and employment strategies coupled with recession and search for excellence have tended to change from Personnel to Human Resource Management or better still strategic Human resource Management. However, there are questions regarding the extent to which this has happened in the developing countries. In answering this question, one must consider the fact that Human Resource Management methods in developing countries will be highly influenced by psycho-economic variables which are considerably different from western countries.Workers are not forced enough and there is not enough stress put on their training, development, participation and the like. Resources are usually directed to serve the ruling best, then to be unfocused towards finding means and methods for better education, health, and safety for the work force. Women in most developing countries are still treated improperly and there is a lot of power distance between the employer and employee. But the future of Human Resource in developing countries is not miserable, as countries like India have started reallocating their resources towards this department and structures and systems are being set up to facilitate this. The biggest challenge for the developing world is therefore, to convert its vast human resource into chance and take them along in their march into the future.1.2 Aims and objectivesAimsTo critically evaluate strategic Human Resource Management practices In Indian Companies.ObjectivesCritically assess and evaluate theories, concepts and models of SHRM given in the literature. To examine the nature of the context of HRM, the problematical nature of organizations in a developing country (like India). To examine the background to the growth of interest in India to HRM and the extent of HRM practice among Indian employers. To analyze the nature of the context of HRM, the problematical nature of organizations in a developing country (like India).Chapter 2 Research MethodologyResearch Design and MethodologyAs I have used a survey-questionnaire approach to gather data. The study is based on two stage sampling design. In the first step, Indian organizations were chosen randomly from the national capital region of India. In the second step, the organizations, top, middle and senior level managers in HR or who were line manage rs were randomly selected to fill in the questionnaires. From this sample of 40 managers a total of 12 questionnaires were filled in.A total of 28 questionnaires returned were either incomplete or the managers refused to oblige. The scope of the study has been limited to managers from the industries in the national capital region of India. The organizations from which the managers responded spanned the multinational companies. Research instruments Human Role Assessment Survey Questionnaire (Conner and Ulrich, 1996) was administered on the sample. Participants were asked to refer to the HR professionals in their business entity and rate the current quality of each activity.This study discusses the methodology and the approach that the researcher followed for the completion of this study. In order for the aims of the project to be fulfilled it is necessary to acquire knowledge of the practices of Human Resource Management within Indian Companies. The research was done with a phenomeno logical approach. It is so called because it is based on the way people experience social phenomena in the world that they live. This method has its own merits and demerits.On one hand it facilitate the understanding of how and why, it make possible for the researcher to be alive to the changes that occur during the research process, and this method is good for understanding social processes. On the other hand there are certain limitations such as, data collection can be time consuming, data analysis is difficult, and the research has to live with the hesitation that clear patterns may not emerge (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 1997). The snapshot view was taken for the companies being analyzed through questionnaires and the literature looked into the development of the HRM techniques through time in the developing countries with special emphasis on India.In order to talk to the objectives of the research, secondary information was collected from books, journals, magazines and newspape rs, etc. the research tries to consider the performing areas upon which any form of strategic HRM depends, it describes the current state of the Human Resource Management and Personnel Management in India and tries to evaluate its level of operation to determine whether it is a strategic tool for shaping corporate strategy. This study is thus, descriptive as well as exploratory and concentrates more on qualitative approach. Basically there are two types of research methods, quantitative and qualitative.Quantitative research uses technique based on the principles of physical sciences. Statistical methods are used then to test fixed theory. Quantitative research is also prepared to provide a linear progress from problem to solution. According to Smith (1988) the scientist spends time observing the actions and groups of people. Thus the researchers simply observe without making and value judgments after which the researcher explains the observed behavior.The qualitative data is based o n meanings expressed through word. . It results in collection of non-standardized data that requires classification, and is analyzed through the use of conceptualization. Quantitative research then goes from observation to theory, then to testing. However, according to motley (1986) this order is often violated and studies are attacked because they do not follow the conventional chain of events.He goes on further to criticize studies for lacking a strong theoretical basis from which to operate. Yet, quantitative researchers fail to realize the position they put themselves in when they do this. Quantitative research however comes with advantages and disadvantages. Its main advantage is that it gives out quantifiable data, which needs to be generalized sometimes. Also, its greater weakness is that it does not account for human behavior, which is not quantifiable, but significant to find the objectives of the research.In compare, qualitative methods are entirely different, reluctant to more on analysis and are less prone to try and measure every aspect of the study. Qualitative research tends to produce rich intense data, relating to small numbers of people, as opposed to vast standardized data relating to large numbers. Qualitative studies are mainly about peoples subjective interpretations of complex situations. Burrell and Morgan (1979) call this the interpretive paradigm. There is little need to quantifying every detail in qualitative research because its not worried about prediction and control (Lindlof, 1995).Nonetheless, this does not mean that qualitative research is not practical. It includes the understanding of the researcher and the subjects of the research. Researchers using the qualitative approach make systematic observations and work to say something meaningful about their chosen topic doing it in a particular way (Buttny, 1993). However, its arguable that qualitative methods are more effective when trying to research relationships between people in organizations (Walker, 1985 p.3)There was a limitation as qualitative data analysis is very monotonous and conclusion from such data is subject to debate and might be unfair by individuals viewpoint (Gill and Johnson, 1997). Questionnaires (appendix 1) were used for collecting the primary data from the companies. The company were selected in India random and questionnaires were sent to them to identify the extent to which Human Resource Management is practiced and its perceived usefulness in improving the efficiency of organizations.Despite, their difference research approaches qualitative and quantitative research seen to share similar characteristics. Both of them use a structure which allows researchers to make performance. Furthermore, they both use interpretation to observe initial results of a course of research. However, qualitative differs greatly in relation to data gathering. Nevertheless, the analysis of qualitative data is highly personalized. Obviously the analysis o f the researcher is extremely likely personalized. Obviously the analysis of the researcher is extremely likely to affect the outcome of the researcher. This raises the question of validity and reliability in qualitative research.The basis for these differences lies in the purpose of the research. Quantitative research is intended to be in charge of the topic being studied enabling the researcher to know the content of his or her data before it is even collected.Researchers undergoing qualitative approach of research do not worry with every measurable detail. Fundamentally, qualitative researchers seek to preserve the form and content of human behavior and analyze its qualities, rather than subject it to mathematical or formal transformations (Lindlof, 1995). Basically, qualitative researchers strive for an agreement on phenomenon.According to Kaplan and Maxwell (1994) the goal for understanding a phenomenon from the point of view of the participants is largely lost when textual dat a is quantified. Thus its come be seen that qualitative methods rise above most of the shortcomings of quantitative methods. Qualitative research strives to bring depth to a phenomenon that quantitative methods lack.Collection of DataSecondary DataIn order to address the objectives of the research, secondary data was collected from books, journals, magazines, newspapers, embassies etc. Secondary data is information which has been collected, collated and analyzed by others for other purposes, while primary data is information collected as part of a particular research because it is considered relevant to the study and research problem (Ghauri et al, 199554-57, Riley et al 2000107).In addition, the following secondary sources that can also be important for any kind of research including the researchers study can also come in the form of Central and local government studies and reports, census reports, State budgets, rules on international trade regarding imports and exports, and polic ies on the foreign direct investment.Studies and reports of institutions and departments such as the central bureau of statistics, universities, telecommunications departments, marketing and other research institutes, chambers of commerce and foreign missions such as embassies, trade centers and consulates.Academic as well as organizational journals and newsletters pertinent to the problem area. In many countries, different branch organizations publish journals on statistics regarding their own industry, the development of a particular discipline or problem area. Textbooks and other published material directly or indirectly related to the problem area.And lastly, theses and reports written by other students in our own university and in other schools and universities are the best guide line for the student. Many schools keep an up-to-date record of all these written in different disciplines. This is perhaps the most important secondary source at the earlier stages of our research pro cess. They provide us with insight not only into our problem area, but also into the other sources mentioned above.The reason for using secondary data is because its very advantageous in terms of saving time and money. It also not only helps me to prepare and understand the research problem better, but it also extends the base for which scientific conclusions can be drawn. Another advantage of consulting secondary data is that it suggests suitable methods or data to handle a particular research problem. According to Churchill (1987181) Do not bypass secondary data. Begin with secondary data, and only when the secondary data exhausted or show retreating returns, proceeds to primary data.In addition to secondary data, primary data is equally essential for more insight into the company being researched on. There are several choices regarding the means of collecting primary data. Usually, this includes observations which entails listening and watching other peoples behavior in a way tha t allows some type of analytical interpretation used to collect first-hand information in a natural setting to interpret and understand the observed behavior or situation more accurately surveys (questionnaires) and interviews which are the most popular data collection method in business studies.Primary DataThe researcher also collected primary data in addition to the secondary data in forms of case studies, unstructured interviews, and participant observation with few respondents. Other includes observations, surveys (questionnaires) and interviews by mail, phone, and personal contact. Surveys and questionnaires are the most popular data collection method in business studies.The most valid research method for the major part of the study was considered to be the interview. Interviews can be differentiated according to the level of structure and standardization adopted a structured interview being one where a predetermined and standardized or a formal set of questions is adhered to, an unstructured interview does not follow any prearranged process a semi-structured interview will normally contain an element of both.The advantage of a semi-structured interview is that it enables a disciplined approach to be taken without constraining or inhibiting the responses by the rigidity imposed by a totally structured interview (Elliott and Christopher 1973). Chisnall (1986) stressed that the interaction between the interviewer and the respondent contributes greatly to the success of the interviewer. The intellectual atmosphere of an interview is at least as important as the mechanics of the interview processes.However with this study, the researchers also focused on using questionnaires which are said to be descriptive and analytical as my form of primary data to gain information related to India , initially in Indian organization to identify the extent of which Human Resource Management is practiced and its perceived usefulness in improving the efficiency of Keane and o ther related organizations. An experience survey approach which is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was in attempts to tap the knowledge and experience survey approach which is a qualitative information collection technique used in marketing was used in attempts to tap the knowledge and experience of those familiar with the general subject being investigated in addition to identifying the current phenomena.Surveys involve questions of some sort and are important for collecting peoples opinions and needs. It also helped the researcher acquire information quickly with relatively minimal expense and effort from a relatively large number of respondents. The qualitative research is often focused on social process. It is thus common in social and behavioral sciences and those who want to understand human behaviors and functions suitable for studying organizations, groups and individuals (Strauss and Corbin, 1990). Furthermore, descriptive surveys are often used to obtain consumer attitudes towards a certain product and to ascertain views and opinion of employees in an organization (Reeves and Harper, 1981).These surveys will thus help researchers understand the behavior of employees in regards to motivation, job satisfaction and grievances in relation to how human resource management is acknowledged in their company and their view towards HRM practices in India generally. However, in addition to helping the researcher with their study, surveys also help these various organizations understand the expectations and requirements of their customers as well as employees, develop service or product based on the standards as well as employees, develop service or product based on the standards of their required findings determine how well the organization are satisfying requirements both within the company and outside and finally establish goals and access how well to meet these goals.Special care was taken for designing the questionnaire questionnaire focus, questionnaire phraseology, the form of response, and question sequencing and overall presentation. Questionnaire were designed in order to gain an in depth knowledge of Human Resource activities in organizations and for a remedy of reality.There are factors which have limited to be unaware about the real meaning of Human resource Management and so most were not very co-operative, as they thought that allowing this type of research would identify some of their weaknesses, which would in turn threaten their competitiveness. The results of the questionnaire survey will be analyzed in depth, but it is important to first point some of the methodological problems that were faced during the course of this study.However, it is safe to note that the greatest drawback under the exploratory study lies where the findings may seem credible enough to be released incorrectly as conclusions. Further downside in cludes the tendency to extend the exploratory phase, and inadequate representation of diversity.A few problems arose during this research due to time and distance limit. As all the questionnaires were sent to various parts of India, the time was too short and limited for data gathering, the result of which led to the waiting for more replies from such companies. The distance makes it difficult to keep in touch with the companies in order to get a response, in terms of phone calls, which would be very expensive, and the postal questionnaires are very time consuming.Similarly, there were many companies which did not respond to the questionnaires, probably since they did not see Human Resource Management as an integral issue in organizational building and strategy. Thus was quite discouraging for study being carried out. Another probable reason could have been that the companies did not bother posting the questionnaire back at their own expense, or they might not have been able to unde rstand the purpose of the study clearly just by looking at the questionnaire and thus they did not feel like responding.In order to minimize problems of this sort, it is important for the leaders of developing countries, like India, to become more involved and encourages managers of companies to contribute to the betterment of the Human Resource Management by actively participating in the studies like this. This is important as the research is not only academically viable but also potentially useful to them. It may also be necessary to extend the time allotted for this type of study.At the time of writing up this study, there was in fact a response from only companies, and thus the results from these companies can only be analyzed. The companies that responded were from small size, thus the result of this study may possibly be gender, at the companies were selected at random.Chapter 3 Literature Review Background TheoryLiterature ReviewBackground Theory3.1 IntroductionNowadays, it is a common belief in both the business and the academic world that the human resources of an organization can be a source of competitive advantage, provided that the policies for managing people are integrated with strategic business planning and organizational culture (Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Quinn, Mills, Walton, 1985).There is a incredible pressure to an organization to perform their duties properly with the rate of the rapid changes taking place. Accordingly organization change such as association, new ways of handing over works, high changing rate in workforce and employees capabilities and priorities is observe in the past.Human resource management has become a invasive and influential approach to the management of employment in a wide range of market economies. As a result, the analysis and evaluation of HRM have become major themes in academic, policy and practitioner literatures. Good human resource management entails recruiting and hiring the best employees and getting the most out of them through effective training and supervision. Human resource management helps in identifying key skills sets, knowledge and valued required in the employee. Through manpower planning the management determines its human resource needs and implements plans to address them.Any assessment of the emergence of Human Resource Management has, at least, to take account of this changing context of employment and provide some explanations as to the relationships that exits between the contribution HRM has made to some of these changes on the one hand and, on the other hand, the impact that such changes have had on the theory and practice of HRM itself. (Beardwell and Holden, 1994 5). An analysis of data relating to the question of a link between Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and performance reveals there is uncertainty as to the direction of the link.Can better performing organizations attribute their good performance to the quality of their HRM or is the standa rd of their performance due to other factors? The quality of HRM might be an outcome of performance rather than a contributing factor to that performance. There are questions about the meaning of a strategic approach to HRM. What makes an organizations approach to HRM strategic and is there a satisfactory method of differentiating between an approach to HRM that might be considered strategic or one that is not seen to be strategic?As organization restructure, human resources tend to decrease in quantities but increase in quality and in their value to organizational effectiveness. Investing in the development of these valued resources make sense. Most of the companies in developing countries invest in new technology, new machinery, new plant to increase productivity because better models have been developed but we need to develop our own better models in human resource areaA strategy is a course of action. It shows how the enterprise will move from the business it is now to the busin ess it wants to be in, given its opportunities and threats and its internal strength and weaknesses. Strategic human resource management means formulating and executing HR systems that produce the employee competencies and behaviors the company requires to achieve its strategic aims. The high-performance work system is designed to maximize the overall quality of human capital throughout the organization, and provides a set of benchmarks against which todays HR manager can compare the structure, content, and efficiency and effectiveness of his or her HR system.Increased in international competition due to newly emerging multinationals and divisional organization has given new scope of management particularly Human Resource Management .India has also woken up to the reality that human resources management is key factor for the better performance of an organization . Its is an ultimate goal an ambition to organization to perform their duty perfectly can only seen in developed countries like UK and USA . The organizational change and development have become a part of working life.3.2 Meaning of Human Resource ManagementHR include all the individual employees who contribute to the operations of an organization in any means of form either temporary or permanent basis. (Thompson and Mabey ,1994) It process of getting work done with help of people in efficient manner . It includes planning ,organizing, leading and controlling to make work done till the end task. To manage an organization the common factor taken in consider are goal, limited resource and people.The basic infrastructure of any business is the human capital. Human resource management, therefore, is one of the most important and recognized functions in the industry today. There is more pressure on HR to deliver, develop, and retain employees recognizing the importance of human capital. In todays world of technological advancement, human resource is the only factors, which differentiate the true potential of an organization.Human resource management is the process of coordinating an organizations human resources, or employees to meet organizational goals. Some of the challenges today in human resource management are maintaining a diverse workforce, dealing with major technological changes, keeping up the government regulations, and handling corporate restructuring, and downsizing, Human resource professional deals with areas such asEmployee recruitment and selectionPerformance evaluationCompensation and benefitsProfessional developmentSafety and healthForecastinglabor relationsThe smooth version of HRM emphasizes the importance of high commitment, workplace learning and enlightened leadership. Most normative HRM models, whether US or British, assert that the organizations Human Resource are valued assets, not a variable cost, and emphasize the commitment of employees as a source of competitive advantage (Legge, 1989) By contrast, the difficult version of HRM emphasizes the calculativ e, quantitative and strategic management aspects of managing the workforce in a balanced way (Store

Monte Carlo Simulation of Transmission Experiement

quaternity-card monte Carlo Simulation of Transmission Experiement legato Densitometer Design based on Transmission and aspersion da Gamma Ray Method employ Monte Carlo ApproachR.Wirawan, M. Djamal, A.Waris, G. Handayani,H.J. KimAbstract. Non-destructive testing is champion order in the sensible testing that was applied and developed for many a(prenominal) purposes in the industrial field. Gamma spectrometer is a one manner that can be applied for the still densitometer. It was studied the matteriveness of the white plague of contagious disease and sprinkling da Gamma rhenium measurements in order to gauge the fluid denseness using GEANT4 Monte Carlo framework toolkit.Keywords Non-destructive testing, diffusion da Gamma, Monte Carlo, GEANT4.PACS 29.40.-nIntroductionGamma- slam spectrum measurement is one of promising developing method in the non-destructive test application especially for an online measurement. Its applicable for many industrial applications such as in medical, mining and oil industry, homeland security.The whole step of the genuine can be differentiating from another one based on its density. In the application of gamma spectrometry, its influence the gamma ray energies spectrum detection result. Ball et al. (1998) waste investigated the answer of gamma backscatter to the spatial density in bulk sample 1. In the fluid increase analysis especially for the oil product density measurement, its a promising method for a densitometer. Hussein (2011) has developed investigation of the fluid flow in the scream using gamma spectrometry 2. Khorsandi and Feghhi crap analyzed the transmission mode in densitometer application for the rock oil products monitoring applications 3.The combination of transmission and sparge measurement modes argon skilful approaching for a better analysis method in the sensor response measurement referable to the fluid density inside the pipe. For this purpose, dissembling using Monte Carlo met hod can be conducted. Monte Carlo methods lead capabilities in the implementation of the several of physics models and declare the predicting result in the radiation physics application 4, 5. In the present study we investigated the potential of the combination of these measurements using the Monte Carlo radiation transport from GEANT4 simulation toolkit. speculationGamma ray slide fastener spectrum characteristic that detected from its interaction with the existent have information to identify the material characteristics involved. In the gamma ray spectrum measurement, there are cardinal kinds of measurement type i.e. transmission and scattering. In the transmission, the gamma ray circularises have an attenuated gaudiness because of strength submergence by material. The mass fading coefficient of photon is a function of photon energy. The attenuated frenzy was described by the BeerLambert economy(1)where I0 incident gamma rays intensities, x is material absorption th ickness, is mass absorption coeficient and its proportional to the total cross-section(prenominal) as follows , NA is the Avogadros subject (6.021023 atom/mole) and A is nuclear mass human activity of material8.For the scattering measurement, the detected photon beam is the result of deflecting with an electrons material. Scattering interactions that may occur is the single scattering or multiple scattering.The photon beam intensity level has attenuation in the path before the scattering post interaction and in the path to the detector after the scattering rate interaction. get word 1 shows the single scattering interaction of photon with an element rule book dV. build 1 Schematic diagram of photon single scattering interaction with an element flock in the material (adopted from Devlin and Taylor) 9.According to the Compton scattering interaction, the photon with an energy E will be deflected with scattering angles to the origin direction after collision with an atomic e lectron. The scattered photon energy (EScatt) is expressed by the formula(2)The intensity of detected gamma photon are influence of attenuation on ancient photon, number of electron in element volume, differential cross-section, attenuation of scattered photon path and the solid angle subtended by detector at the element volume. For the single scattering interaction, the intensity of detected photon as visualized in the formula(3)where S is the source activity (photon s-1), dV is element volume interaction, n is the electron density of the material, r1 and r2 are the length path of the primary photon before interaction and after scattering respectively. The density of the material is cerebrate to the electron density by (4)where NA is the Avogadro number, Z is the atomic number and M is the atomic mass.For the Compton interaction probabilities of the photon beam when it interact with an electron of the material was describe in differential form by Klein-Nishina formula,(5)wher e r0 is clasical electron r (2,82 fm) and P parameter as function of incident photon energy and scattering angles as the formula(6)where perpetual 1,8. Using the equation (4) and (5) to substitute parameter n and in the equation (3), we have the relation of intensity with the material density (7)Solution of the equation (7) can be expressed in the simple form(8)where A and B are constant.MethodThe simulation setup was developed based on the transmission configuration which conducted through an experiment done by Khorsandi 3. Four detectors are placed in twain type positions where two detectors in the same side with source and two others in the opposite site as shown in routine 2. The spatial distance between two detector d10 and d30 from the collimated source axis are about axis 27.5cm. For detector d20 is placed 20 cm outlying(prenominal) away from detector d10. Polyethylene pipe have an inner roentgen 5cm and thickness its about 2mm. Fluids under investigation inside the pip e (i.e. gasoline, gasoil and water) are assumed to be of uniform density. A turn gamma ray source model is used for Cs-137 source is collimated by the cylinder shielding lead with 5cm thickness. The 3in. x 3in. NaI(Tl) detector model reconstructive memory in the simulation is adopted from references 6, 7. Simulation based on GEANT4 genus Penelope Monte Carlo using 5.0 x 107 of the gamma source beamon.Figure 2 Schematic visualization of GEANT4 simulation for the transmission and scattering measurements setup.Result and word of honorTo examine the response function of transmission and scattering measurement, firstly we urgency to consider the setup designed for the detector construction according to the c gamma source energy spectrum. The Cesium 137 source was placed in front of the Pb collimated NaI(Tl) 3 in. x 3 in. scintillation detector. Figure 3 shows the detector response function spectrum of GEANT4 simulation result examine to the measurement result of the 15uCi gamma sourc e. There are a comfortably agreement for photo top of the inning energy between the simulation result and the experiment result.Figure 3 Response function of Cs137 15uCi gamma source for 3 in. x 3 in NaI(Tl) detector.Based on detector construction setup, whence we analyzes the detector response function of transmission and scattering measurement. Figure 4 shows the response function result of detector that placed in the quartette different positions for three different type of density fluid i.e. gasoline, gasoil and water.Figure 4 Response function of detector NaI(Tl) 3in. x 3in. from GEANT4 simulation of quaternity different detector positions for gasoline, gasoil and water fluids in pipe.In the all energy spectrum distribution above, density of fluid matter give an effect to the gamma energies spectrum. The gasoline has a lower density number, but it shows a higher(prenominal) intensity (number of events) of gamma ray energy detected compare to the gasoil and water. The change magnitude density of fluid will increased the number of electrons at the scattering point interaction, attenuation of primary and scattered photons. So, its give an effect to the decreasing intensity or posting energy spectrum that detected by the detector.For transmission mode as shown at d0 detector position, the main peak of Cesium 137 gamma source is in the 0.662 MeV. The normalize peak intensity shows that the GEANT4 simulations result have a good agreement to the Khorsandi (2011) experiment result as shown in Figure 5. This result shows that the model can be used for predicting the fluid densitometer experiment.Figure 5 Normalize intensity curve of transmission mode (d0 detector position) from simulation and experiment results. present in the Figure 6(a), we have the same trends that the decreasing of the photopeak height due to the fluids density increase.Figure 6 Gaussian height curves of photopeak at four different detector positions.Based on the intensity as density func tion equation (8), the proposed constant A and B for the curve chalk up in the Figure 6(a) are depicted in carry over 1.Table 1. Curve fitting constantBased on the B constant of the four normalize count rates curves, d20 detector position have a higher decreasing slope than the others. In other side, the number of entry photon to the detector d20 position is too small, so for this configuration its require the higher activity source.ConclusionsIn this study, a Monte Carlo simulation of transmission and scattering measurements of gamma ray for the fluid densitometer was carried out using GEANT4. Due to an increase in the fluid density in the pipe, the peak heights of detected gamma ray intensity have decreased. The simulations for the gamma ray transmission investigation were conducted according to the experiment setup give the best fit curve result.AcknowledgmentsThe author acknowledges the financial support of board of directors General of Indonesian Higher Education through the Sandwich-Like (PKPI) Program 2013.Refference1 A.J. Ball, C.J. Solomon, J.C. Zarnecki, The response of gamma backscatter density gauges to spatial inhomogeneity An extension of the single scattering model, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 140 (1998) 449-462.2 Nagy M. Hussein, investigation of Fluid Flow using Gamma Spectroscopy, World Academy of Science, engineering and Technology 80 2011 1169-1174.3 M. Khorsandi, S.A.H. Feghhi, Design and reconstruction of a prototype gamma-ray densitometer for petroleum products monitoring applications, Measurement 44 (2011) 1512-1515.4 U.A. Tarim, E.N. Ozmutlu, O. Gurler, S. Yalcin, The Effect of the Housing substantial on NaI(Tl) detector response function, J. Radioanalytical and Nucl. Chem. DOI 10.1007/s10967-012-1716-z (2012) 1-5.5 A.F. Bielajew, Fundamentals of the Monte Carlo method for neutral and charged particle transport, Department of Nuclear Engineering and radiological Sciences, The University of Michigan, 2001, pp.1-10.6 Hu-Xia Shi, Bo-Xian Chen, Ti-Zhu Li, Di Yun Precise Monte Carlo simulation of gamma-ray response functions for an NaI(Tl) detector, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 57 (2002) 517524.7 Abd-Elzaher, M., Badawi, M. S, El-Khatib, A. and Thabet, A. A. Determination of Full Energy Peak Efficiency of NaI(Tl) Detector Depending on Efficiency Transfer Principle for Conversion From Experimental Values, World journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, (2012), pp. 65-72.8 Knoll, G.F., Radiation Detection and Measurement (Second Edition), Wiley and Sons, New York, 1989.9 G. Devlin, D. Taylor The spatial Response Pattern of Gamma Backscatter Density Gauges, Journal of turd Sciences Vol. 21 No. 2 (1970), pp. 297-303.

Industrial Process Validation of Tablets: A Review

industrial knead establishment of launching pads A check over swipe lodgingss are used most in health care. They mustiness be make upd to the best quality. function constitution pot assure the lodgings increases meet the pre- assured quality and can be reproduced consistently within the conventional limits. This criticism gives an introduction and cosmopolitan oerview on work institution of oral contraceptive pill plantulation. It is a requirement for good manufacturing practice and former(a) regulatory requirements.Keywords make for test copy, Tablets, Validation protocol, Process creationIntroductionTablets are the most widely used solid dosage form of medicament. It has number of advantages over other dosage forms, such as simplicity, lowest cost, high convenience, dosage trueness and stability of do drugs substance. Tablet as a dosage form comprises a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, press or compacted into a solid dose. T he excipients can include diluents, binders or granulating agents, glidants and lubricants to nethertake efficient tabletting disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract sweeteners or flavors to enhance taste and pigments to make the tablets visually attractive. A film cultivation is often applied to confer specific advances, including protection of the drug from the surrounding, modifying drug release, masking unpleasant taste or odour of the drug, improving ware appearance, making it easier to swallow and so on 1.Process validation is demand by the original Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) to consistently produce a sought after quality fruit. In FDA guidance, puzzle out validation is defined as the hookup and evaluation of data, from the procedure figure stage through commercial harvest-festivalion, which establishes scientific evidence that a abut is capable of consistently delivering quality return 2. Process validation involves a series of activities taking place over the lifecycle of the product and surgery. Thus it requires the manufacturer to dupe data throughout the wholly product lifecycle and evaluate it scientifically and assess if it supports a quality knead.Process validation establishes the flexibility and constraints in the manufacturing process engages in the attainment of sought after attributes in the drug product while preventing undesirable properties 3. Successful process validation contributes significantly to assuring reproducible drug quality in bulky scale manufacture, and may reduce the dependence on intense in-process and barricadeed product testing.To support the process used in the manufacture of tablets product and for revalidation in case of any change in the manufacturing process or any change in the composition of any ingredient. Traditionally, a minimum of terce successive separate successful process batches are required to demonstrate consistency of the reproducibility. The ma nufacturing process should be meshled and all pre-specified product specifications should be within limits. However, the FDA considers a reduction to three batches as too simple for being able to prove validity of quality product 4. The emphasis for demonstrating validated processes is placed on the manufacturers process design and outgrowth studies in addition to its demonstration of reproducibility at scale, a goal that has always been expected 4.The FDA come alongs the use of science and run a risk- found approaches to determine the number of validation batches.The FDA guidance describes process validation activities in three stages 2Process Design The commercial manufacturing process is defined during this stage based on knowledge gained through discipline and scale-up activities.Process Qualification During this stage, the process design is evaluated to determine if the process is capable of reproducible commercial manufacturing.continue Process Verification Ongoing assur ance is gained during routine intersection that the process remains in a state of control.In FDA guidance, it indicates a large change of regulatory requirement from quality by test to the certain quality by design throughout the lifecycle of the product and process. This regulation requires manufacturers to design a process, including operations and controls, which results in a product meeting pre-specified attributes. These encourage the use of sound scientific pharmaceutical development concepts, quality risk management, and quality systems at all stages of the manufacturing process life cycle. Thus we can using not notwithstanding commercial-scale studies data including process qualification, but to a fault those such as determination of CQAs and identification of process variables from laboratory experiments and buffer zone scale trials conducted during the process design stage. The goal of stage 1 is to design a process suitable for routine commercial manufacturing that c an consistently deliver a product that meets its quality attributes. The number of validation batches for symbolize 2 is determined by process knowledge obtained from Stage 1. In Stage 3, it requires a life-cycle approach with continuous verification and adjustment for improvement. When companies do a better and more systematic approach of process development depending on their experience and knowledge, then they will understand their processes and process control better and manufacture a robust product.REASON FOR PROCESS constitutionValidation offers assurance that a process is reasonably protected against sources of divergence that could affect production output, cause supply problems, and negatively affect everyday health 2. The possible reasons cause variability may include 5 mod product or existing products as per Scale-up and Post-approval compounds.New formulation.Change in formulation.Change in site of manufacturing.Change in batch size.Change in equipment.Change in pr ocess existing products significantly.Change in the exact control parameters.Change in vendor of API or scathing excipient.Change in specification on input material.Abnormal trends in quality parameters of product through go over during Annual intersection point freshen (APR).Trend of Out of Specification (OOS) or Out of Trend (OOT) in consecutive batches 6.TYPES OF PROCESS organisationProspective validation is carried out during the development stage by means of a risk analysis of the production process, which is broken down into individual steps these are then evaluated on the basis of past experience to determine whether they might lead to deprecative situations.Concurrent validation is carried out during normal production. This method is effective only if the development stage has resulted in a proper understanding of the fundamental principle of the process.Retrospective validation involves the examination of past experience of production on the assumption that composit ion, procedures, and equipment remain unchanged such experience and the results of in-process and final examination control tests are then evaluated.Revalidation is needed to ensure that changes in the process and/or in the process environment, whether intentional or unintentional, do not adversely affect process characteristics and product quality.VALIDATION TEAMMultidisciplinary teamwork is required for conducting and supervise validation studies. Personnel conduct such studies should be qualified by training and experience. The working team would usually include the undermentioned mental faculty members to work together to be effectivesHead of quality assurance creditworthy for coordinate the entire validation process and schedule meetings with the team and review validation documents. Preparation of validation protocol, supervising the process, analyzing data and test results and preparing the final report.Head of engineering Responsible for qualification and calibration of all the touch equipment/instrument/utilities and maintains its efficacy during the manufacture process.Validation manager Responsible for the review of process validation protocol and execution of process validation. Also answerable for evaluation of results. occupation manager Responsible for verification of process validation protocol and to ensure operation of the production equipment and support systems in sanctify to manufacture the product within its design limits /specifications/ requirements.Head of Quality visualize Responsible for verification of process Validation Protocol, report and co-ordination to ensure operation of the Lab instrument and support systems in execution of the validation process.Process validation protocolA validation protocol showing how validation will be performed, including test parameters, product characteristics, production equipment, and decision points on what constitutes acceptable test results 8. It should include the following itemsPurpos eScopeResponsibilities of sound judgement teamAcceptance criteriaCritical process and product parametersProduct flesh outReference documents for method of manufacturing and testingReason for validationBill of mad materialsEquipment detailsProcess flow chartCritical process stages to be validatedSummary of validation batchRemarks evaluation of results, conclusion and recommendationsVALIDATION REPORTAt the end of the Process Validation a Validation report is need to be prepared. The tests results and conclusions of Validation Protocol documented and summarized in a process validation report. The validation report should include the following itemsAim of the validation studyBatch No. and Batch sizeProcess summaryVerification of critical process controlsConclusionAttachmentsIndustrial process overview of tablet manufacturingProcess validation of manufacture tablets involves all the critical parameters challenged in pharmaceutical unit operations like dry mixing, granulation, milling, blending, lubrication, compression, coating, and so forth Tablet manufactured process overview is showed in figure 1. A general process steps and product parameters inclusion in the process validation protocol is summarized in table 1. Several process parameters which need to be tested in the manufacture process may have somewhat impact on production of tablets. When understanding of these parameters and their interactions with the respective processes, it will collect rational data for the building of validation evidence and fixing the optimal process parameters. Every processing step is validated for all batches and the results obtained must be present within the acceptance criteria. Throughout manufacturing certain procedures should be validated and monitored by carrying out appropriate in-process controls and finished product tests 9. In-process tests and finish product tests during tablet production see Table 2. The figure 2 and 3 illustrate sampling locations at wet granula tion and blending stages. All validation of the manufacturing process and the in-process controls should be documented.Figure 1 Tablet manufactured process overviewTable 1 Process and Product Parameters Considered During Tablet Dosage Form ManufactureTable 2 In-process controls and finished product testsCONCLUSIONThe manufacturing process is released for regular production after careful evaluation of the validation documentation. The efficient process validation is a key cistron in the development of pharmaceuticals. Both experience and knowledge are big factor for ensuring successful process development and validation. The more you understand the process in the early stages, the less you will need to do to validate it later. A strong mentoring and training program is also attributed much. When the process variables were under control, it reveals that there was no significant variation between batch to batch. In product lifecycle, continued validation will help to ensure the pharm aceutical products with the quality and reproducibility.References1 Pawar Avinash S, Bageshwar Deepak V, Khanvilkar Vineeta V. Advances in pharmaceutical Coatings. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2010(2, 1) 733-737.2 Guidance for perseverance Process Validation General Principles and Practices. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, nourishment and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), January 2011.3 Leon Shargel, Isadore Kanfer. Generic Drug Product Development Solid Oral Dosage Forms M. Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences, 2005(194) 121-123.4 Questions and Answers on Current Good Manufacturing Practices, Good Guidance Practices, Level 2 Guidance Production and Process Controls.5 Sharma Ajay, Saini Seema. Process Validation of Solid Dosage Form A Review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science, 2013, 3(2) 12-30.6 Jignak umari Manubhai Tandel, Zarna R Dedania and KR. Vadalia. Review on Importance of validation IJAPBC. 2012 1(3).7 WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations WHO Technical Report Series, No. 863 Thirty-fourth Report.8 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. guidepost on General principles of Process Validation. Rockville, MD May, 1987.9 The Third Supplement to the tail Edition of The International Pharmacopoeia.

Healthcare for the Elderly in New Zealand

rise upnessc atomic number 18 for the Elderly in raw ZealandTask 1In bread and simplyter health is being intimately, innocent from disease and illness. A disease is caused delinquent to bacteria, microbes, and viruses, genetic problem and some be un drive inn cause. thither be many different health problems and injuries. Some green health issues argon mild put across c be colds, cough, headache, malaise. there critical health problems too such(prenominal) as batchcer, human immunodeficiency virus and kidney or tarryr failure. thither atomic number 18 health issues that prat be prevented or mitigated, cure and treated. Usu aloney get along with matters because as we grow old evolution and development and progress of definite disease may come because of overdeveloped or overused of our different parts and body of the body uniform our skeletal, muscular, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, endocrine, digestive, urinary, and reproductive. Some be g ain due to contract equal to(p) factor or through genes due to low immunity system.gerontological agent an old somebody that ineluctably special supervise and attention. These atomic number 18 elderly person chronological climb on of 60 plus develop old according to United Nation but over age 65 years in most developed countries. Despite the age range, senior adults or sometimes called to be senior slew stir peculiar health apportion necessity due to health issues and problems. We all hunch over that as we grow older our body system tend to breach or deteriorates. at that placeby, it is vital to write out these kinds of diseases to hold back wear out-and-take and be able to prolong life and health. Many of these conditions ar preventable with lifestyle changes and treatable. However, on that point be also health issues that ar irreversible, unpreventable and no cure. consort to some study and survey, the spare-time activity are the top ten health problems tha t cause mortality among adults over age of 65. First, the Heart disease, Cancer plenty be breast, lung and colon, Cerebrovascular disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Diabetes (Type II Diabetes), Accident ( High risk fall), Septicemia, Nephritis and Alzheimer disease.Dementia de nones shop redness and brain damage caused by disease called Alzheimer disease or cognize to be series of snapshots. thither are different types of dementia such as Lewy body dementia, Fronto Temporal dementia, vascular disease and the most reciprocal is Alzheimer.Alzheimer Disease pertains to a protein tangles and plaques develop in the structure of the brain that ensues to expiry of brain cell and this blocks transmission of message to brain. People with these diseases may bonk lapse of memory and problem finding correct term of words. The aboriginal stage symptoms are forgetfulness of things and names of people, mood swings, way out of confidence or social withdrawal, difficu lty in doing daily routine like handout to supermarket, cooking and driving. If the disease progresses, they conduce to acquittance their independence and depart win some bridge over to continue daily life liveliness. There are test give birthn for early diagnosis like blood test, skilful physical examination, memory and thinking assessment d unmatchable by psychologist and Computerised imagination (CI) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) performed by neurologist.Based on researchers, no single factor was caused by Alzheimer disease. It is a combination of age, genetic inheritance, environ rational factor over all general health and lifestyle are responsible. Now, awareness and maintenance of brain health that pertains to diet and physical fitness. There is no cure for this disease however there are dose medicine that can alleviate pain and prolong its progression. An Alzheimer long-suffering must(prenominal) arrive a particular and practical level of care ensuring the m to live as free lancely as possible for as long as possible. A family brave particularly emotional stomach which is very gullificant that involves better understanding and respecting them. It also points out health of the one who care or carer, the financial capability, getting support from family and boosters and from local services and organisation.There are diverse types of health concerns involve for elderly people that drives to be serve welled. In addition there are different kinds of organisations and or foundation in peeled Zealand that deals in advanceing ones life. The following are Alzheimer New Zealand, The Stroke Foundation, The Cancer Society of New Zealand, Diabetes New Zealand and Osteoporosis New Zealand. The Alzheimers New Zealand is a non- mesh organisation. They have 21 local organisations located end-to-end the country which give information, educational programmes, support and services to the local community. Their aim is to offer information ab out the sign and symptoms of the disease to both family and the tolerant. They offer services by supporting and share spouses, families and partners to cope with caring, educate them by understanding the assessment of diagnosis and medications. These medications lessen the sudden progress of the disease. They also boost in financial support, level-headed services and have a day and home care. Alzheimer persevering pass on slowly lose their memories. The Stroke Foundation is also a not- for- profit organisation that provides support and awareness to the families and the one affected. It has bezant advisors different clubs throughout New Zealand and provides nationwide network divided in three regions like northern, midland and southern. Their tidy sum is to save lives, to improve outcomes and to enhance life aft(prenominal) stroke. We all know that stroke is serious issue often lead to loss of motion and sensation even awareness. Majority of their computer memorys or budget s comes from donation and grants. Saving lives means spreading public awareness on the on check off, and immediate action of stroke. Campaigns like blood pressure awareness and F.A.S.T means calling 111 at once and stroke prevention programme. Improving outcomes focuses on health service behavey in renewal, hospital services and discussion outcomes. They published clinical guidelines- National stroke guidelines and clinical networks in stretch out and meeting the procedures of stroke information. Lastly, Enhancing life after stroke represents the cult of stroke survivors to enhance the quality of life of those affected one. They have adroit Community Stroke Advisors that advise on accessing carer-relief services, funding and other stroke related issues. Spouse support convention and Stroke clubs for the people who had stroke encouraging them to join social events. The Cancer Society of New Zealand is an in dependant charity and not funded by the government. They rely on pers onal support, fund raising and donations. These organisations ensure reduction or decreases of cancer incidence and scoop up care. They provide support services for cancer patient and their family and caregivers research for speech life information about cancer and its cause through booklets, leaflets, tapes, CDs, pamphlets and books health promotion throw outs New Zealanders to live a healthier lifestyle. We all know that cancer is the abnormal growth of cell or kn protest to be tumor. There are different kinds of cancer like bone, brain, breast, cervical, colon/rectal, endometrial, esophagus, eye, gastrointestinal, kidney, laryngeal, leukemia, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, spit out and others. The Diabetes New Zealand was established in 1962, Diabetes. It is a non-government, non-profit organisation thatrepresents people with diabetes. Their imaginativeness and mission is to control, contained and cured that every person with diabetes in New Zealand has the prov ided support to live fully and actively. We all know that diabetes is having excessive amount of sugar. There are two types of diabetes- Type 1 diabetes mellitus, called as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes and Type 2 diabetes used to be known as non-insulin dependent diabetes or adult-onset diabetes. To acquire it, they give information awareness about types, symptoms and effects of diabetes disease. They dish prevent risk and development for type 2 diabetes and encourage diabetic people to live well through lifestyle change. They give gift cards and freebies or funded Optium meter for testing ketone examination if plastered individual who have diabetes taking on an insulin pump you are eligible. Osteoporosis New Zealand was launched on October20 1999. It was formed to bring awareness andknowledge of osteoporosis and to raise a topicvoice for those with osteoporosis and at riskof developing this bone disease. Their dedications are to improve levelheaded bone for N ew Zealanders at all ages and stages of life, to provide advice and patient support and give materials or resources advocating quality access to diagnosis and of medication. They have health professional for fracture assessment.A positioning from the organisational support for geriatric there are several service supplys as well namely hospitals, hospices, residential care, nursing homes, day care, domiciliary care, General Practitioner, pharmacists, social services, psychiatric services, memory services, physical therapists, occupational therapists, dieticians, other health and social-care workers, counsellors, dementia advisers, and the like. The following stated provision has peculiar roles in maintaining and assisting the ask of the elderly people lives.Usually authentic disease or illness begins on what people eat. This is what a dietician perform help prevent and treat health problems by promoting advanced eating habits. They plan and prepare nutritious food to improve o nes diet and be able to attain the proper up fall out that their body recommended in accordance to their age, gender and health issues. An usage a diabetic must control the amount of sugar intake and for hypertensive patients must have low salt and low fat diet.There are different types of dietician found on workplace. In hospital and nursing homes they have clinical dietician that look for the residents or patients nutritional requirement consulting the doctor and other health care practitioner to make sure of medical care and nutritional repast plan correlates. With regards to community dietician they counsel people in the clinic and agencies that valuate dietary needs by talking about ones lifestyle and giving them some tips and advice on food preparation. For consultant dietician they have their private work for a health care readiness on which they provide a nutritional screening for their patient to know their eating habits then counsel them about the amount of food they will partake. An example if the result will be overweight or rotund with high blood pressure then consultant dietician can provide the food that needs to reduce cholesterol level and more than on high fiber and low salt diet. While worry dietician are expert in preparing the needs for a bountiful group of individual in a corporation, schools and prison.Mostly older people are tend to be in having multiple medications to handle various problems in health like hypertension or high in blood pressure, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, dementia-Alzheimers disease, severe pain-back pain and migraine, and other typical diseases like colds and infection and health issues associated with age.Geriatric pharmacists, known to be consultant pharmacists, peg down in dispensing drugs and counselling older patients about their medications. They distribute medicines as positively charged or authorized by a doctor or other health professional specialist.Some pharmacists for older people do not all ocate drugs at all, but exert effort vividly in consultation position as branch of the health care group taking care of older adults. Their main role is to guarantee the small governance of medications for a better patient health in many care sites and facility. They also explain to their patient when and how to take the drug, the possible side effect and adverse reaction of the drug, ensure that they dont interact with another medication, make recommendation in adjustments in dosage food and perform monitoring of blood sugar and blood pressure. Beside dispensing and consulting the patient, conferring with the physician and freshen of patients charts as well.Elderly patients usually bear from health problems like swollen joints (arthritis), inflamed shoulder or elbow (bursitis), and weak bones (osteoporosis). These are frequent huge vale of a lifetime of wear and tear, but can be a bit painful and limiting in concord of individuals choice and locomotion. Patients who had demen tia, Parkinsons disease and suffers stokes are prone to high risk falls as a wake which is a vital cover, specifically in old people life history by themselves. Therefore, physiotherapist is important in assessing the home of patient and to pip unwanted stress from joints that are very prone to injure. A rehabilitation plan will vary depending on its situation considering the patient and their set of mind or intellectual, their home environment and family/ relative matters, as well as previous family background. Physiotherapist will observe the movement, posture, and gait, as well as daily living, common habits, and their family and social life activity beforehand doing suggestion as to how ones home or environment may be resolve to make livelihood as good and easy as exist. Their goal is to do acclimation that you are loosen and blissful with to permit you as much freedom and harm free as possible. A frequent undervalue facet of what a physiotherapist for elder does is an esse ntial of community care. A physiotherapist function is usually in correlation with intellectual health professionals to impel the patient and keep them going in life.A General practitioner also called GP or generalist, one who specialize a certain area of medicine. GPs provide health care routine (examples- vaccination/immunizations and physical examinations or assessment,) and pronounce and handle different diversity of conditions, including illnesses and injuries.They often have usual, long-term patients and deliver ongoing medical attention to both genders- male and female patients and for all types of age groups.An individual who are searching medical care occur to a general practitioner at once however if a serious matters develops, the generalist will regard them to a certain specialist. A specialist is a physician who has expertise or specializes in a specific field of medicine and has additional training and certificate. such(prenominal) specialists are urologist, oncologi st, nephrologists, cardiologist and neurologist).A general practitioner usual workplace is in a private clinics or entity and can be part of a health maintenance organisation. They are assisted by staff of nurses.domiciliary CareorDom Care or known as home care is based on home living environment and arrangement for adults or older one who are not capable to live by alone. They need assistance withactivities of daily living because of age-related impairments of physical, kind or visual disabilities. Such activities are bathing and grooming taking medication, preparing meals and feeding, housekeeping and laundry are delivered through the co-ordinated services of Care Workers, Nurses, and other health care practitioner.Hospice is a philosophy of care. A patient living in this facility has a life limit condition, under treatment or critically ill- example heart failure, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis and cancer. Their aim is to help people to live the most out of it. They ha ve whole person approach in all aspect of life- physical, emotional, mental, spiritual and social needs are significant. Moreover, they provide additional advice and support to their family and carers.In a nutshell, there are varieties of health conditions that occur in elderly people. Support comes from the family and carers. There are different kinds of support organisation and service provision whose vision is to give information about patients condition, reduce progression, give empathy and sympathy and provide help to maintain their daily routine. Not only if have they given care to the patient but also give advice and counsel to patients family, friends and their carer.Task 2All residential care governed by guidelines that provide well information, compliance and support to boost ones client life and their hunch forward ones. Here are three impacts in analyzing management identified in stigma impacts for elders with common health problems Social closing off of the individual and their family, assumption of automatic loss of independence and unable to make endings about own care.Social isolation is the deficient of interest in social, communication dealings or in touch with other people. Those who isolate themselves have lack affinity to their love ones. It can distinct through physical disunion, social hindrance and mental thinking.ConditionsPhysicalMentalEmotionalPersonality/CharacterDisordersMultiple indurationHandicappedSchizophreniaAutismPhobiasPost traumatic disorderImpactsShame embarrassmentDepressionAnxietyPossible suicideAddictionGrief barenessDecrease low self- esteemNutrition problem ( common to elders)Interventions mating social clubs sports/ hobbyTherapies Aromatherapy, MassageCommunity group activitiesEducational discipline for fears/ hopesChurchMeditationLoss of Independence in the elderly can be mentally damage why because often people have their own choice, decision in their life and they can perform their own task, job or activity on how they want. Now, someone will assist or help them to do something for them. Their daily routine will be handled by others. They loss the important aspect of like freedom.Effects flavor uselessDepressionSafety homeCommunity resourcesGrocery shopPaying billsTransportation inability to driveInterventionsFamily assistance and comfort pecuniaryHelper/Carer in a facility/homeIn golosh home alarm, monitoring systemUnable to make medical decisionConsent is called if an elderly patient agrees or makes own decision to have medication. However, if the patient can no longer finalise due to mental disorder or unaware then someone else, a substituted respond will decide for them.Factors to consider that a patient can decide to treatmentOrigin and intention of the sicknessOrigin and intention of the treatmentBenefits and disadvantage of the treatmentEffects of not having the treatmentSubstituted ConsentMarried, civil-union spouse, common-law(predicate) partnerIf no spouse/partner close rel ative, close friendSubstituted consent people can ac only for the best of the patient and must grant the wish especially if the patient has a living will or instruction to the relatives. On the other hand, incapable patient can refuse medical care and it is courts decision.In a nutshell, these impact are the barriers that affects an elder to live on their own, they loss independence, decision and capabilities. Therefore, sympathy and empathy will provide by the family, friends and carer that is best for them with respect.