Professional Associations Membership Assignment

Professional Associations Membership - Assignment Example This assignment is based on the function and future endorsement techniques of NAHC. The National Association for Home Care and Hospice is one of the largest nursing associations in the United States of America. The main function of NAHC is to provide skilled nursing facility to patients after hospital care. Nursing is an important art and it requires enormous knowledge and patient handling skills to achieve success. NAHC mainly takes charge of inpatients after they are discharged from hospitals. The organization is responsible for providing nurses and healthcare tools as prescribed by hospitals. Mostly elder people are the members of NAHC. Implementation of new and advanced technologies has helped the organization to reach new heights. It has been observed that in United States the fall rate of elderly people are high. NAHC will reduce the fall rate at huge extent. NAHC has incorporated orientation tour programs and several other methodologies in order to work smoothly and take care of patients. The organization is large because it consists of many facilities along with healthcare providers. NAHC is also responsible for taking care of pregnant women and children due to involvement of many employees. NAHC is one of the leading homecare nursing organizations. The organization provides some essential benefit to their existing members. First of all, NAHC provides expert advice in just one call. NAHC also provides expert advice from health care laws. The organization provides latest information and complete analysis to providers. The organization provides research methodologies to their existing customers which enhances their working ability. NAHC fights for member’s interest before White House and Congress. For benefit of providers, the organization provides different types of network with their colleagues. Notes are provided along with strategic programs for upgrading the knowledge and making the nursing process

The Effect Of Intercultural Communication Cultural Studies Essay

The Effect Of Intercultural Communication Cultural Studies Essay As the world is becoming a global village, Intercultural communication or cross-culture communication is becoming necessary for a successful multicultural society such as Australia. For e.g. nature of the relationship between professional communication and other forms of organisational communication; the relationship between professional communication and organisational outcomes such as employees job satisfaction;  and  the consistency of these communication relationships across cultures. In a contemporary world intercultural communication is used to share ideas, views, technological innovations, resources locally and around the globe. The essay examines five questions concerning  the significance of Australia intercultural communication in viewpoint of the world, intercultural communication purpose of social media such as Facebook, intercultural communication effects on communication proficiency, outcomes on social, political and culture values by intercultural communication a nd finally effect of various type of communication like verbal, non-verbal, written and visual on intercultural communication. INTRODUCTION Intercultural communication is defined the wide range of problems in communicating different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. It is also synonymous with cross culture which means how different cultural background communicates is similar and how efforts they put in communicating across different cultures. Nowadays the world is on a path of becoming a global village. Hence, Intercultural communication in Australia is playing a vital role in sharing technologies, ideologies, thoughts etc. In this topic we will discuss the five key components of intercultural communication which are global view, social media such as Facebook, communication competence, social, political and cultural values and various type of communication like verbal, non-verbal, written and visual. SECTION With the development of globalization in the world it is becoming global village. Intercultural communication has played a big part in international summit by sharing views, business and economic activities, social, political and technologies innovations, resources locally and globally. However, with national societies becoming more diverse and international contacts becoming common, communication researchers can no longer assume a cultural or a uni-cultural stance. People are more frequently involved in situations where intercultural communication is required, and when intercultural communication is neglected, its difficult to recognize. In this essay we will focus on some creative perspectives and discussions on several aspects of intercultural communication. There are five components of intercultural communication need to be highlighted. Firstly, importance of Intercultural Communication in the global view of the world are (a) The situation of communication itself, e.g. the social ly conventionalized roles adopted by participants, their expected norms of interactions and interpretation, the way they construct a shared sense of reality, (b) The stereotypes they entertain of each other, as individuals and as members of a social group, (c) Their non-verbal and para-verbal behavior is improved locally and globally through intercultural communication, (d) The way they save their own and each others face, (e) The way they structure their discourse to meet their communicative goals, (f) The attitudes, values and beliefs (called also discourses) they share with the social group they belong to which might also encourage them to improve their ethic as individual or society or culture, (g) The way their language reflects these deeper discourses, (h) They way members of different groups realize various speech acts (like making compliments requests or apologies). In Australia intercultural communication core importance of understanding other cultures is because the word i n which we are is global village and we are interacting different culture people them in person or through technology. Another reason would be that Australia is the most multicultural society in the world. However, many of us are unaware of our own unique cultural background when we communicate ourselves, but when other people break particular rules, disappoint us or even offend us then we are aware of them. We believe that intercultural communication would inspire corporate culture, educational staff, human rights officers, employment equity managers, government policy makers and politicians to develop and maintain global organization. It is vital that each individual and group promotes intercultural communication events and encounters, only after they have undertaken a critical self-reflection of their own stereotypes and prejudices. Second to discuss the role of social media such as Facebook in Intercultural Communication, with its distinctive features social media made human society to a highly interconnected and complex level, but at the same time, it challenges the very existence of human Communication in the traditional sense. Social media not only influences the form and content of information/messages, but it also affects how people understand each other in the process of human communication, especially for those from different cultural or ethnic groups. Facebook have enabled people from every corner of the world to represent themselves in a particular way and stay connected in cyberspace. It is obvious that the flexibility of information presented and shared in the social media will directly affect, either positively or negatively, the development of intercultural relationships in the virtual community through the creation of a network of personal connection. Educational potential of social network in int ercultural communication, the use of Facebook as a social tool to aid the social aspects of the transition from school to university (Madge et al., 2009), the difficulties and benefits of social media for university students (Thelwall, 2008) and the identity-work students do on Facebook as they negotiate the expectations of peers, tutors and the university as an institution (Selwyn, 2009). Content analysis revealed that Facebook mainly used for two purposes. Firstly, for human contact (like chatting and banter) and second purpose is to seek advices, mentor and gather information from the practical experiences of others from groups or site. Mostly professionals would agree that social network such as Facebook has enabled us to communicate easily with our professional colleagues, both locally and overseas. Moreover, these social networks convenience have revolutionized in our business practice. On the one hand, intrinsically, the new culture emerged from social media because its creat ing a continuity gap between traditions and innovations within a culture. Before the social media arises, according to Bagdasaryan (2011), traditions and innovations in society co-existed vigorously, but the effect of the social media resulted in the inability of traditional values to keep pace with the new cultural values produced by interacting with different culture through social media. This cultural gap has caused difficulty in understanding or communication between generations and among people in the same culture. Third aspect to discuss the impact of Intercultural communication on the communication competence, there is no denying that the various cultures of the world are far more accessible than ever before, and that the peoples of these cultures are coming into contact increasing day by day. These contacts ultimately developed based on interpersonal relationship. Whether it is the negotiation of an arms treaty, or the settlement of a business contract, class lectures, cultures do not interact, people do. Therefore, Communication competence is considered very broadly as an impression that behavior is appropriate and effective in a given context. Normally, competence is considered ability or a set of skilled behaviors. Competence cannot inhere in the behavior or ability itself. It must instead be viewed as a social evaluation of behavior. This social evaluation is composed of the two primary criteria of appropriateness and effectiveness. Appropriateness means that the valued rules, norms, and expectancies of the relationship are not violated significantly. Effectiveness is the accomplishment of valued goals or rewards relative to costs and alternatives. In figure 1 we can see the model of communication competence. Figure 1 Impact of intercultural communication on communication competence can be divided into three levels of analysis (1) individual system, (2) episodic system and (3) relation system. The individual system possess those qualities as an individual that are competent in normative social sense such as communicator confidence increases, efficacy beliefs increases, approach dispositions increase, the relative cost/benefit ratio of a situation increases, communicator motivation increases. Communicative knowledge increases, communicative competence increases, task-relevant procedural knowledge increases, mastery of knowledge-acquisition strategies increases, identity and role diversity increases, knowledge dispositions increase, communicator knowledge increases. Communicator skills increase, conversational altercentrism increases, conversational coordination increases, conversational composure, adaptation and expressiveness increases. The episodic system includes those features of actor which sh ow a competence impression over a specific part of cofactor in specific episode of interaction. Actors communicative status, motivation, knowledge, skills increases, contextual obstruction of Actors performance increases, Actors normative violation of Coactors negative expectancies increases, Coactors impression of Actors competence is a function of Actors fulfilment of Coactors expectancies, Actors fulfilment of Coactors competence prototype expectancies increases, Coactors impression of Actors competence increases, Actors receipt of valued outcomes increases, main impression of Actors competence increases. Actors extant-attributed communicative status increases. The relational system assessed a person competence across the entire relationship rather than a given episode of interaction. As mutual fulfilment of autonomy and intimacy needs increases, mutual attraction increases, mutual trust increases, access to social support increases, relational network integration increases, rela tional competence increases. Fourth aspect to discuss is the effect of Intercultural Communication on social, political and cultural values. The political, economic, cultural, social changes caused by globalization have made an impact on communication in general and on communication among different groups of people in particular. Nowadays, globalization means openness to cultural changes, to new opportunities for a cultural (and inter-cultural) dialogue. But globalization also threatens the survival of cultural traditions which should be strengthened with the objective to safeguard national culture and especially the possibility for national culture, national identity to survive in the world of globalization. In order to carry out efficient intercultural communication, people should understand and focus on cultural identity more. Jameson stated that cultural identity which refers to a persons status in a group includes six components: vocation, class, geography, philosophy, language, and biology. Jameson found t hat economic, social and educational classes often define groups of people who share common values, behaviour, and attitudes; these cultural groups also cut across national and ethnic lines (Jameson, 2007, p.212).   CONCLUSION In summary, the increase in international business requires the operator to grasp the knowledge of multicultural and cross-cultural communication skills. Obviously, cultural identity, as an important part of intercultural business communication, is a key factor that enterprises have to consider when they conduct the market development and business negotiation. Thus, the components of cultural identity, like the class, geography vocation has been attracted more and more attention by the companies.  

Social Responsibility of Physicians Regarding Health Care Essay

Social Responsibility of Physicians Regarding Health Care I. Introduction The responsibility of physicians in the United States continues to increase as the country grows and becomes more diverse. Because social structures and religous concepts are so much a part of medicine, physicians must be aware of the responsibilities of social justice and cultural sensitivity. One of the ways that physicians must meet the demands of the increasingly diverse community is to become aware of the need for cultural sensitivity in the treatment of patients. But why is cultural sensitivity important? Cultural sensitivity is important because in order for physicians to respect the autonomy of the patient and to practice not only non-maleficence but beneficence, the physicians must exert energy into becoming culturally aware. II. Cultural Sensitivity in a Health Care Environment a) Mission and Autonomy of Patients Physicians play a crucial role in the service sector of the community, and in light of the Christian physician, the role of server also implies connotations of mission. It is important to state what mission is not, in this context, in order to eleviate any misconceptions. "Mission is not pushing your point down someone's throat. It is not being disrespectful or erasing the culture of the people that you are sent to serve" (Shelly, 3). If the autonomy of the patient is not protected, the trust between physician and patient is affected. So, the question arises: whose responsibility is it to promote cultural awareness? Is it the responsibility of the physician to research and understand the different cultures that are most dominant in the area? Is it the responsibility of the patient to explicitly state their cultural/re... ...social justice and cultural sensitivity) in the context of health care, cost - effective analysis is a large component. It is important for physicians to view cost - effective analysis through the eyes of social responsibility if the voices of people from other cultures and the poor are to be heard. Works Cited Gold, Marthe et al. "Assesing the Health of the Nation." Medical Care. 34 (1996):152. Lambrew, Jeanne M. et al. "The Effects of Having a Regular Doctor on Access to Primary Care." Medical Care 34 (1996): 152. Russell, Louise et al. "The Role of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health and Medicine." Journal of the American Medical Association 276 (1996): 1172-1176. Shelly, Judith Allen. "Mission Impossible." Journal of Christian Nursing 13 (1996):1176. Shenk-Schrock, Carolyn. "Thoughts from a VORP Guru." Conciliation Quarterly 15 (1996): 4-5.

Texting and Driving Should Be Banned

Have you ever considered reading a book while driving? If not then why would you text and drive? Driving is something that requires your full attention. When you open up your cell phone to send a text or receive a text then you might as well get out a book and start reading. Suppose you are driving down the road and your phone alerts you that you have a text message coming in, when you grab for that phone you are a victim of visual, cognitive, and manual distraction. Many people have lost their lives due to visual distraction. When you take your eyes off of the road, it only takes one second to cause an accident. I am sure if sixteen year old Ashley Johnson could start her day over she would. On May the 15 this exceptional, popular tenth grader had been texting while driving when she hit a pickup head on. She was in critical care for several days before dying sustained to injuries that occur during her accident. Not only did she lose her life but someone lost their daughter, granddaughter, sister and friend. If only she could have waited until she stopped driving. Patrick Sims is another prime example of why you should not text and drive. Patrick and his girlfriend were driving down the road the day before Thanksgiving. Patrick was texting a friend when his girlfriend started screaming, as he looked up there was a bicyclist so close to the front of his vehicle that he could not avoid hitting him. This was a sixty three year old grandfather that was out riding his bike for health reasons, minding his own business. Now this is something that this young man has to deal with for the rest of his life. He told CBS during an interview that he wished that he could have another chance; he also told them that the image of this man lying on the street dead would never leave his mind. I remember texting one time while I was driving and it was the first time and the last. I got a text message and I wasn’t going to read it but I was scared it was my mom or about my mom because she was sick. I was going to wait till I stopped at the red-light to check it but it was just too tempting to wait so I grabbed my phone to read my text when I ran off of the side of the road. That was a stupid decision on my behalf. It was only my niece wanting to know what I was doing. It was not just my life in danger it was also my children’s. I decided that day that I would never read a text again while driving. I am just thankful and fortunate that I got another chance. I honestly believe when you put yourself or someone else’s life in jeopardy by texting it is not an accident. You know exactly what you are doing when you open that phone and start typing or reading. Texting should not be just ban from people that drive automobiles but it should also be for people who drive trains and buses. It is a cognitive distraction when you take your mind off of what you are doing. On September the twelfth two thousand and ten, Robert Sanchez a commuter train engineer started his day like every other day. I’m sure when he left his home that morning he never thought it would be his last day returning home. During the day Robert was texting and receiving text from a young guy who he mentors. Robert did not yield and hit a freight train head on killing twenty five people and injuring eighty more. Roberts’s life was taking that day instantly. His life was taken just because he answered a text letting this young boy know where he was. This could have been prevented. Not only is his family grieving but so are all of the innocent lives that were taking that day. If you feel like you are too tempted to text while driving then you need to turn off your phone until you get stopped or put it away where you cannot reach it. Texting don’t only cause you to take your mind off of your driving but when your texting you don’t have on your hands on the wheel. When you are driving it is important that you drive with your hands not your knees or your forearm. I’m sure some people don’t think manual distraction is such a big issue when it comes to driving, but trust me it is. It is just as important as visual or cognitive distraction. Any time that you are driving you need to avoid all three distractions. You have a better chance reacting to a situation if you are driving with both hands. I know a young lady that went to school with my nephew. She was driving home one day after school, it was her and her little brother Ben. Sarah was texting while driving, Ben said that she had her knee up under the steering wheel driving and she came upon a curve and she just couldn’t react fast enough and lost control, she was killed. Her brother survived this terrible tragedy physically but not mentally. It has been ten years now and this young man is still seeing his sister lay beside him in this car bleeding from the head and not responsive. I feel like people are just selfish when it comes to texting. I know a lot of people don’t think about the consequences but it’s time that people wake up and see what texting and driving can do to families. I understand that texting is the new fad and some people rather text then talk. Texting is not a necessity to life. Many people have lost their lives because they made the wrong choice. I’m sure if the victims that have been involved in a misfortune could have another chance to drive without texting and take more responsibility for their actions they would. Driving is something that takes all the attention you can offer. That includes watching where you’re going, keeping your mind on what you’re doing and keeping both hands where they need to be. If you feel like you just can’t wait to text pull over to a safe place and text. Before you text and drive again visualize a loved one in your life and ask yourself this question, is it fair to them that I am being so selfish, not caring if I take my life or someone else’s life? I promise you that you’re not going to die if you have to wait to text but if you don’t wait to text you will definitely die.

Much ado about nothing Essay

Thus when Leonato impulsively believes Claudio’s words shaming of Hero he tries to destroy her completely, â€Å"Hence from her, let her die†. Additionally he angrily speaks of her loss of honour as a blemish from which he cannot distance himself through short monosyllabic language, â€Å"O she is fallen into a pit of ink, that the wide sea hath drops too few to wash her clean again†. Conflict is used to draw out the hidden truths that otherwise may not have been revealed. Leonato and his household publicly ‘publish’ that Hero is dead is a bid to punish Claudio and to redeem himself he must accept the hand of Leonato’s ‘niece’ which is really Hero, another example of deception within the play. She is masked implying that Claudio must wed blindly and a dramatic device used to hide feelings or create different character personas. The masking of Hero reveals that Claudio is truly repentant as he is willing to dedicate his life to an unknown woman for Hero and also that the society of marriage has little to do with love. The final irony within the play is the uncovering of Don John’s deceit. It is accidentally stumbled upon by the watch; Dogberry and Verges, two fools who Shakespeare uses as a witty device to create a malapropism. The characters use incorrect words without knowing their blunders to appear stupid and this is an example of comedy within the play that Shakespeare does not disguise subtly as he has previously, but puts bluntly to create the idea of a more modern slapstick humour. Dogberry, a dull witted fool, tries to give witty orders yet misplaces words unlike the intelligence of Beatrice and Benedick, ‘we have now recovered the most dangerous piece of lechery,’ which was intended to read treachery. Borachio admits the deceit to the court finally, ‘I have deceived even your very eyes; what your wisdoms could not discover, these shallow fools have brought to light,’ which is an example of how Shakespeare uses irony as a humorous yet thought provoking device. The theme of conflict is carried through to the plays close as when Borachio confesses to staging the loss of Hero’s innocence, Don Pedro describes this evidence as a sword that tears Claudio, ‘Runs not this speech like iron through your blood? ‘ and Claudio replies that he has already symbolically condemned himself, ‘I have drunk poison whiles he uttered it. ‘ In conclusion we as the audience can see how throughout the ‘Much Ado About Nothing’ there are many conflicts between different characters and around different themes in the play. Beatrice causes conflict, as she rebels against the Elizabethan stereotype of a woman and the role that she is expected to play by society. The audience at the time would have understood her difficulties and battles with societies prejudice against women. In this way Beatrice is seen to be a reflection of Queen Elizabeth I, the monarch of that time. Elizabeth was well known for not ever marrying, and it is clear that Shakespeare took some influence when writing Beatrice’s soliloquies from Queen Elizabeth’s speeches of the time. For example in a letter Queen Elizabeth’s wrote to the king of Sweden declining his proposal of marriage she says â€Å"†We do not conceive in our hearts to take a husband, but highly commend this single life. † The audience will soon hear Beatrice similarly say â€Å"Adams sons are my brethren, and truly I hold it a sin to match in my kindred. † Beatrice and Benedick have a strong conflicting relationship throughout the play as they are fighting against each other in a â€Å"merry war† and also against themselves and their true feelings, which are later revealed to the audience and each other, we hear Benedick say, â€Å"I do not love anything in the world as well as you. † The audience are happy to see this conflict end well and though we are sure that their â€Å"merry war† will continue and keep their love alive, it shall be with humour and affection. Another main theme in the play is that of betrayal and false accusations. When Hero is falsely accused by Don John and Claudio, this conflict brings about great dramatic effectiveness and dramatic irony as the audience knows the truth and are left wondering whether Hero will ever be acquitted. The matter is however solved, surprisingly by Dogberry, who nobody really takes seriously as he is ill educated. Leonato at first tells him to â€Å"be brief† and states â€Å"neighbours you are tedious†. However soon Dogberry and Verges reveal the truth and ironically become the saviours of Hero and Claudio’s relationship. As the plays title suggests, many of the characters take part in observing, listening, or ‘noting’. In order for a plot based on deceit to evolve the characters note each other often, for example when Beatrice is duped into believing that Benedick loves her the plotters conceal themselves in the garden so that Beatrice can note their conversation. â€Å"Look where Beatrice like a lapwing runs close by the ground to hear our conference,† notes Hero. Each line is a placed note for Beatrice to absorb and this is also relevant in the ploy to convince Benedick of Beatrice’s adoration. Shakespeare explores the theme of deception on a variety of levels by showing how deception can have both positive and negative affects. For example the success of deception is shown in the duping of Beatrice and Benedick into falling in love with each other, and alternatively the use of deception in Don John leading Claudio into doubting Hero’s fidelity and ultimately bring about her downfall. Throughout â€Å"Much ado about nothing† there are conflicts presented to the audience which address more serious events, including some that border on tragedy, yet bring about excitement and dramatic tensions in the play to hold the viewers attention, all of which are resolved happily as we see at the end the weddings of the two couples. Pia Charters 11G Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

A New Kind of Revolution essays

A New Kind of Revolution essays The British were trying to run a stable colonization. The British Parliament made many acts and taxes for their daughter colonies to bring in revenue from their new territory. However, being thousands of miles away from its daughter country, the colonies became difficult to control and the colonists started to defy the mother country. A New Kind of Revolution, by Carl Degler brings out that more than one single thing started the colonists revolution. This can be seen through the many acts put on the colonists, Britains salutary neglect, and Britishs shortening patience towards the rebelling colonists. With so many acts put on the colonists it became unfair. Many colonists protested that this was wrong because it was taxation with out representation. Other colonists felt that it was right for the mother country to tax them, but they were overusing the tax and that the mother country is using the colonists to satisfy their own pockets. Over the years this repetition of taxing a nd overusing the acts deeply frustrated the colonists. Secondly, Britishs salutary neglect towards the colonists became the colonists first taste of freedom. During the successive wars with Holland and France, Britain tended to neglect the colonies. This gave the colonists a little more freedom and a sense of independence because the British lacked attention towards the colonies. When the British started back at laying a heavier hand on the colonies, the colonies sternly objected. The neglect from the mother country gave the colonists a taste of independence and the colonies got used to that and they wanted more. Finally, with the many rebellious acts of some of the colonists, Britishs patience was running short. From Peter Zenger to the Boston Tea Party, Britains patience was being tested. With all these defying actions, the Parliament would slam down more and more s ...

Free sample - First Crusade. translation missing

First Crusade. First CrusadeIntroduction â€Å"Since the period of Constantine, Christians from all works of life and every place had gone on pilgrimages to the Holy Land, Jerusalem. Even though Moslems had ruled Jerusalem since 638, Christians were still allowed to visit the city† (Runciman, 13). Runciman, (45) illustrates that, by the 11th century, Muslims adherence changed the situation. By the time the number and frequency of pilgrimages to the holy land went up, the Seljuk Turks took over control of Jerusalem and stopped pilgrimages activities. This acted angered all Christians and prompted the need for the crusade. This point in time Pope Urban inspired the people to fight and regain the holy land. I write this letter with both pride and humility. This is because as a Knight who survived and reached Jerusalem I give thanks to almighty God for the great protection He gave me during this dangerous period of crusade. The history of crusade is vividly clear in both my mind and soul. As night survivor I have mixed reaction on the happening during this trying periods in Christian calendar. This is because I dearly cherish the fact that I participated on the event and at the same survived. â€Å"The crusade was so much inevitable since in the 7th century the Muslims took control of the holy city, Jerusalem and in the 11th century they started to hassle and interfere with Christian pilgrims and teaching in the Jerusalem area† (Edgington, 39). To the Christians in Europe, Jerusalem was a heavenly city, the center of their existence and they did not take lightly to being pushed out. In this regard, Popes encouragement, religious indulgences, and promise of eternal merit provoked t housands of Christians in Europe to enroll in this inevitable holy military to fight for the cause and that why I was part of this event. The European involved so much because Israel is part of Europe and since Christianity has its strong base in Israel and Jerusalem is a holy city. In this regard, the interference of the Christians in Israel by the Muslim prompted the intervention of Christians from Europe. It was a scaring scene to witness since people killed each other like wild animals. A large group of Christians formed a small organized military which was called the Crusaders. They were out to recapture the Holy land from the Muslims, and dedicated their lives to this. They were identified by red cloth that was sewn on their garments in the form of a cross. This showed that crusaders were the soldiers of Christ. The name crusaders was derived from the Latin word crux meaning cross and form the basis why Christians always carry a cross (Runciman, 1951, p.39). The Crusaders action and commitment was purely based on strong Christian beliefs more than any reasons (Runciman, 1951, p.24). The Crusaders on the other hand resurrected an older tradition of the pilgrimage to the Holy Land, which was often imposed as a reconciliation of ones-self. They assumed two roles: pilgrims and soldiers. â€Å"Armed pilgrims would normally not be accepted, but in this case they were, because they were fighting for the Christian Holy Land† Runciman (93). â€Å"Groups of crusaders rampaged through the streets of Jerusalem, killing everyone they came upon† (Runciman 112). â€Å"Some of the locals in Jerusalem took shelter in the Dome of the Rock where Tancred, with an eye towards the ransom money, promised them his protection† Runciman (113). Even though it was difficult, men not under his command tore through the al-Aksa Mosque and slaughtered its occupants (Runciman, 113). Conclusion The crusade was ultimately justified in that period in time since religion is quite important to human life and therefore any person who denies one of these rights is equivalent to killing him or her. Towards this it is worth fight for. Works cited Edgington, Susan. The first crusade: the capture of Jerusalem in AD 1099. The library of the Middle Ages .London: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004 Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades: The First Crusade and the foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Volume 1 of A History of the Crusade. New York: CUP Archive, 1951 Runciman, Steven. The First Crusade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005

Bahuvrihi Compounds

Bahuvrihi Compounds Bahuvrihi Compounds Bahuvrihi Compounds By Mark Nichol Have you ever described someone as a blockhead? Have you explained an action as heavy-handed? Have you ever referred to someone as white-collar? If so, then you’ve employed a bahuvrihi compound. Such terms are compounds in which the first word of each pair is a feature of the second; the composition is an adjective (or, occasionally, a noun) attached to a noun to itself serve as an adjective or a noun. The name, from Sanskrit, is itself a bahuvrihi compound that means â€Å"much rice† but refers, as a form of synecdoche, to a rich man. (A synecdoche is a term that uses a part of something to refer to the whole, such as hand in the direction â€Å"Give me a hand† when what one is asking for is the use of one’s entire person.) Bahuvrihi compounds often refer to a characteristic of a person. They can be neutral (barefoot) or derogatory (lowlife). They can refer to a physical feature (graybeard or redhead) or to status within a profession or pursuit (blue-collar and white-collar, or tenderfoot) or an attitude associated with one’s place in society (bluestocking or highbrow). Compounds such as heavy-handed can describe an approach or a personality trait. They can also pertain to an object (houndstooth, to describe a fabric pattern; also styled hound’s-tooth) or to an animal (sabretooth); other compounds that, like these, consist of two nouns include several pejorative terms for someone perceived to be dumb or foolish: blockhead, bonehead, half-wit, and knucklehead. By contrast, a person considered highly intelligent is called an egghead. Note that bahuvrihi compounds are usually closed; the aforementioned blue-collar and white-collar, as well as half-wit and heavy-handed, are exceptions, as is the term â€Å"old money,† to refer to a family that has been wealthy for generations (or an individual from such a family). Whether the compound is open, hyphenated, or closed, is, as is the case with compounds in general, random; note blue-collar and bluestocking, for example. Bahuvrihi compounds are useful resources for writers as expressive ways to describe a person or, occasionally, a place or a thing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOn Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 38

Discussion - Coursework Example A new division is thus getting the creation, and then gets nested within the already existing management structure. It has a comparison to adding a room onto an existing building. The other aspects of the company’s operation are left mostly unaffected by the change of adding a different section or department (Morgan, 2006). The newly appointed division heads must get personal with their employees for the growth of the organization. International organization structure can also have divisions, according to geographical location of operations. Structuring of the organization by geographical area is another form of global organizational structure. In dividing according to geographical area, the management usually appoints regional directors in different regions of a country or even a continent. Each of the local managers has responsibility for all the operational decisions within a particular geographical area. The type of strategy is often when a business first moves from only operating domestically to international operations (Linstead, Fulop & Lilley, 2009). Large national or multi-national organizations face significant and substantial communication and logistical challenges. It usually makes regional or geographical area structure necessary for effective decision making and control of the

Status of Women in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Status of Women in Islam - Essay Example In India the widow was consigned to flames at the funeral pyre of her dead husband. The religious faiths given to asceticism regarded her as the source of sin, the door leading to transgression and contact with her was considered an impediment in spiritual development and salvation. In most civilizations of the world she enjoyed no place in society. [1] She was contemptible and despised in their estimate. She had no social and political rights. She could not exercise her own free will in any financial deal. She was under the tutelage of her father, later under the oppressive rule of the tyrant of a husband and lastly under the patronizing care of the male offspring. She was not permitted by long standing conventions to challenge their authority and she had no course of justice to appeal to by way of escape from tyranny and excesses--not even a breath of complaint. Undoubtedly she has at times been in the seat of authority in some parts of the world. And it is also on record in the world history that empires and governments have danced to her tune, even tantrums, and it has been a common occurrence that she has had ascendancy in familial, tribal and monarchial activities. In some uncivilized tribes she had enjoyed superiority and rule and there are remnants of it still to be seen. [2] Yet as female of the human species, there was little change in her status and she suffered in silence through the course of history and remained deprived of her due rights as usual. Role of Women in Religion Muslims seek guidance from Allah through His book, the Qur'an, and His messenger Mohammed. Muslims believe that the word of Allah is supreme and takes precedence over all traditions cultures. Muslim women were expected to participate in the prayer sessions as the Mosque along with that of the men. Not only were women granted equality like the men, the women were given the same spiritual status as men. "Whoever works righteousness, man or woman, and has Faith, Verily, to him will We give new Life, and life that is good and pure, and We will bestow on such their reward according to the best of their actions." (Koran, Sura 16, Verse 97) [3]. As the Islamic state and religion expanded, interpretations of the gender roles laid out in the Quran varied with different cultures. [4] In modern contemporary times, some Muslim women, as well as men, have rejected the limitations put on them and have begun to re-interpret the Qur'an. "I shall not lose sight of the labor of any of you who labors in My way, be it man or woman; each of you is equal to the other (3:195)" [5] "Spiritual equality, responsibility and accountability for both men and women is a well developed theme in the Quran. Understanding the spiritual equality of women in Islam is to understand that equality between men and women in the sight of God is not limited to purely spiritual, religious issues, but is the basis for equality in all temporal aspects of human life." [6] Independence and Freedom of Choice As for what Muslim feminists argue women should wear to conform to Islamic ideals: unlike Islamists, who maintain that the hijab stands as the very symbol of Muslim piety; the most important element for Muslim feminists appears to be the element of freedom of choice in interpreting the Islamic dress code. Mai

Mericn Independent Cinem - Hollywood vs. the Independent Essay

Mericn Independent Cinem - Hollywood vs. the Independent - Essay Example Prticulrly, the discussion will be mde on the blurring of Independent nd Hollywood films fter 1990th. n insight into this importnt theme is mde through the discussion of few books where this subject is well developed nd hs gined considerble scholrly ttention mong film experts, diplomtic historins, nd culturl critics. When speking of independent cinem, it is needed to sy tht these re independent compnies supplemented with independent productions, mde with smll budgets nd often independently of the studio corportion. Movies mde in this mnner typiclly emphsize high professionl qulity in terms of cting, directing, screenwriting, nd other elements ssocited with production, nd lso upon cretivity nd innovtion. These movies usully rely upon criticl prise or niche mrketing to grner n udience. Becuse of n independent film's low budgets, successful independent film cn hve high profit-to-cost rtio, while filure will incur miniml losses, llowing for studios to sponsor dozens of such productions in ddition to their high-stkes releses (Glncy, 1999) While most of the world thinks of "independent cinem" (if the world thinks of it t ll) s being synonymous with tony imports or nything with the sobriquet "Trntino- esque," industry types know the truth is more elusive. Once upon time, when John Cssvetes moonlit from his studio dy jobs by mking msterpieces like Womn Under the Influence, independent cinem signified work tht ws estheticlly nd finncilly t remove from Hollywood. Indeed, independent film t its best is still ggressively, pssiontely, cretively driven nd originl. Films such s Crouching Tiger, Hidden Drgon; Requiem for Drem; Before Night Flls; You Cn Count on Me; or Chuck & Buck hve ll becme populr nd wide-spred mong udience. None of the Independent Spirit nominees re derivtive of commercil product. None re formulic or minstrem in their ppel. Low-budget works like George Wshington, Everything Put Together, Our Song or Urbni, ll Spirit wrd nominees, hve even less resemblnce to minstrem studio filmmking. Ech of these films ws produced for less thn $500,000 (Shuoguang 1999)hey del with subjects tht include homophobi, SIDS, poverty nd issues of socil clss, rce nd mrginlity. They focus on fricn-mericn, Ltin nd gy protgonists. nlysts of the doom- nd-gloom persusion would undoubtedly mke the point tht these films ll hd or will hve limited thetricl relese, tht the bigger, more commercil independent films hve been crowding out the rchetypl low-budget, "truly" independent films. It's true tht indie works re relesed on hundreds, even thousnds of screens, thus relegting smller films to just few theters. But tht ws lwys true. Pessimists would lso sy tht the competitiveness in the thetricl mrketplce, the number of releses fighting for exhibition, forces most low-budget films to go directly to video--but ctully there re twice s mny inde pendent distribution compnies now s there were five yers go, which mkes it more likely tht greter number of films will find thetricl relese, however brief. The trnsformtion of independent cinem into mrketing strtegy known s "indie film" during the pst decde hs been widely noted, but even insiders wonder wht it ll mens. One thing is cler: The blurring of lines between the studios nd their indie nlogues ffects both cmps. t

How to improve kent cssa relationship with other student organization Research Paper

How to improve kent cssa relationship with other student organization - Research Paper Example .....................................5 Research results †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 SOLUTIONS Solution 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 Solution 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Solution 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 Comparisons †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............7 CONCLUSION Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Benefits †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 REFERENCE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CSSA ( Chinese Students and Scholars Association) is one of the leading student associations in the world, having operations in over 40 world class universities and several hundred other universities and colleges (Martinez et al 4). It offers Chinese students opportunities to enjoy their campus life in overseas colleges and universities by providing sufficient academic and entertainment resources (Donovan 80). The association also links the students from Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong to other cultures, with a mandate to spread the Chinese culture. There have been numerous activities and events organized and run by the CSSA. These events, such as the Mid Autumn Festival and the Chinese New Year Festivals, have helped bring together students of Chinese origin together to celebrate their culture. After working as a member in Kent CSSA for two years, I found that Kent CSSA helped Chinese students getting used to the American life, but Chinese students cannot get involved in American lif e. Chinese students still eat Chinese food with Chinese friends, and speak Chinese during the most of day. After studying, I realized, even Kent CSSA has few relationships with native organizations. Kent CSSA, as a united organization for all the Chinese students, did not provide channels for Chinese students getting to know American friends, and opportunities to real American life. In order to help Chinese students to live a real American style life, Kent CSSA should increase its relationships with the native organizations. In this research paper, I took surveys among Chinese students and native students to find out the reasons of few relationships between Kent CSSA and native organizations in Kent. According to the different reasons, I can get different solutions to solve the problem. The final step of my research is the comparison. By comparing different solutions, the best way for Kent CSSA to develop its relationship with other native organization will be found. As the results, Chinese students may have a real American style life. INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that Kent State University offers numerous opportunities for students to be involved and enjoy the campus life, most international students find it hard to get involved in the student organizations in the University (Fingar and Reed 102). With a specific focus on Chinese students, this paper aims to explore the relationships between Chinese Student Scholar Association (CSSA) with other organizations and how these relationships can be

Women on US Navy Submarines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women on US Navy Submarines - Essay Example As people evolve and change, these roles can also adapt and change with the culture of the people. There are basic physical difference between men and women, but socially and mentally, these differences should not effect how we one sex acts or is thought to act one way or another. However, with this being said, the recent battle over women working on submarines has stirred quite a controversy again over the age old fight between man and woman. Who should decide where the line between equality and too much is drawn And if a woman cannot do the job as well as a man, should she still be allowed to do it simply for the face of equality "The US Navy argues it would cost $300,000 per bunk to permit women to serve on submarines", but yet even simply economics can't stop people from arguing for women onboard subs (Submarine) Defense experts have also quoted the numbers as much as "4 Million Each" to make the repairs needed for the subs( Dougherty). The fact is simple and clear however when it comes to women working on submarines. Due to the myriad of problems that arise with women onboard a submarine, it is simply not fair to the safety of our nation to admit women aboard submarines, even if it is in the name of "equality". "Women on subs is a terrible idea. The Navy's highest-ranking admirals are strongly opposed" speaks Phyllis Schlarfly ( Schlafly ). Schlarfly goes on to explain the tight living quarters in the subs, and how life is no walk in the park down there, and room is already cramped. He explains that "The ship alterations necessary to accommodate women on subs would further reduce living standards or, alternatively, make it necessary to remove operational equipment. These millions of dollars would be spent just to please the civilian feminists in the Pentagon, not to improve readiness or morale" (Schlafly). Simply stated, the simply physical limitations of the subs could not withstand the addition of women on board, let alone would it be able to make enough room for them and the ample technology that is needed on board as well. We could have women on our subs, but at the expense of having less well armed submarines and sub-par technology on board. And I don't think that it is a risk we shou ld be willing to take. Another columnist Michael DiMercurio added his expertise to the matter stating that "After arriving at the Academy, it was clear to see that the women had lower physical standards, which seemed absurd when we were preparing for combat. At an institution where the unofficial motto was, "if the minimum weren't good enough, it wouldn't be the minimum," suddenly there was a special exception for girls - a shorter wall on the obstacle course, longer time to run the mile, fewer chinups. It might sound petty, but back then these were the things that defined the difference between passing and being kicked out of the Academy. In 1976, we woke up one morning to find that the women's lower obstacle course wall had been painted hot pink, with a "Woman Power" fist superimposed. The culprits of that "recon raid" were never brought to justice" (DiMercurio). And while DiMecrurio concludes that he felt women should be allowed in, I believe his tales at the Academy show that women simply do not have the same physical make up that men do, and are thus less prepared for combat intensive situations like submarines. Would we let a sub-par man work our subs Of course we wouldn't, but we would let a women get in at lower standard levels

Industrialization After the Civil War Thesis and Outline Research Paper

Industrialization After the Civil War Thesis and Outline - Research Paper Example 201). There was also an impact in machine tools. On the other hand, due to the machine tools impact many people lost their jobs, because of the growing number of qualified engineers needed and the growing number of immigrants who were unqualified workers (U.S. Bureau of the Census, pp. 19-20). What is more, even though oil was already known to public, the first modern oil well was set up in 1859 by Edwin Drake (Vassiliou, p. 13). Invention of the steam engine made transitions by water easier and cheaper. There were many other great changes in industry and technology during mentioned period. However, many laborers in that time were displaced by machines and level of unemployment grown highly (Wells, p. 189). What is more, working on factory was dirty, dangerous and exhausting. Many employees moved to cities and came to work on factories, thus urbanization level grown. Although, labor productivity grown owing to increasing number of system was built in 1890. Although Thomas Edison did not create the first electrical light bulb, it is his patent, which lead to lighting people’s houses in 1883 (Thomas Edison: Life of an Electrifying Man, p.15). Started in 1870s African American lost some of their rights and been harassed. It has led to a politics of racial segregation. Woman were granted full righting votes in some states by the end of 19th century. Entrepreneurs started to use child labor because they are small and could get to smaller holes than adults could. Extended families became more common than nuclear ones. To make a balance, I would like to say that Industrialization occurred after the Civil War had a great influence on American industry, technology and society. It had its pros and contras, however I consider that pros outweigh

Women on US Navy Submarines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women on US Navy Submarines - Essay Example As people evolve and change, these roles can also adapt and change with the culture of the people. There are basic physical difference between men and women, but socially and mentally, these differences should not effect how we one sex acts or is thought to act one way or another. However, with this being said, the recent battle over women working on submarines has stirred quite a controversy again over the age old fight between man and woman. Who should decide where the line between equality and too much is drawn And if a woman cannot do the job as well as a man, should she still be allowed to do it simply for the face of equality "The US Navy argues it would cost $300,000 per bunk to permit women to serve on submarines", but yet even simply economics can't stop people from arguing for women onboard subs (Submarine) Defense experts have also quoted the numbers as much as "4 Million Each" to make the repairs needed for the subs( Dougherty). The fact is simple and clear however when it comes to women working on submarines. Due to the myriad of problems that arise with women onboard a submarine, it is simply not fair to the safety of our nation to admit women aboard submarines, even if it is in the name of "equality". "Women on subs is a terrible idea. The Navy's highest-ranking admirals are strongly opposed" speaks Phyllis Schlarfly ( Schlafly ). Schlarfly goes on to explain the tight living quarters in the subs, and how life is no walk in the park down there, and room is already cramped. He explains that "The ship alterations necessary to accommodate women on subs would further reduce living standards or, alternatively, make it necessary to remove operational equipment. These millions of dollars would be spent just to please the civilian feminists in the Pentagon, not to improve readiness or morale" (Schlafly). Simply stated, the simply physical limitations of the subs could not withstand the addition of women on board, let alone would it be able to make enough room for them and the ample technology that is needed on board as well. We could have women on our subs, but at the expense of having less well armed submarines and sub-par technology on board. And I don't think that it is a risk we shou ld be willing to take. Another columnist Michael DiMercurio added his expertise to the matter stating that "After arriving at the Academy, it was clear to see that the women had lower physical standards, which seemed absurd when we were preparing for combat. At an institution where the unofficial motto was, "if the minimum weren't good enough, it wouldn't be the minimum," suddenly there was a special exception for girls - a shorter wall on the obstacle course, longer time to run the mile, fewer chinups. It might sound petty, but back then these were the things that defined the difference between passing and being kicked out of the Academy. In 1976, we woke up one morning to find that the women's lower obstacle course wall had been painted hot pink, with a "Woman Power" fist superimposed. The culprits of that "recon raid" were never brought to justice" (DiMercurio). And while DiMecrurio concludes that he felt women should be allowed in, I believe his tales at the Academy show that women simply do not have the same physical make up that men do, and are thus less prepared for combat intensive situations like submarines. Would we let a sub-par man work our subs Of course we wouldn't, but we would let a women get in at lower standard levels

Bank of America Financial Statements Research Paper

Bank of America Financial Statements - Research Paper Example These auditors provide a clean opinion on the financial statements as they are in done with the accordance of the law of the state and they value the client’s long standing relationship. PwC values their clients and they share a long and committed relation with their clients. The financial statements of Bank of America provide materialistic and factual evidence of subsequent events. The bank also provides a consolidated five year summary of the selected financial data in order to provide accurate results. The bank is divided into six business segments, which consists of deposits, global card services, home loans & insurance, global commercial banking, GBAM and GWIM. â€Å"Results of our operations through six business segments: Deposits, Global Card Services, Home Loans & Insurance, Global Commercial Banking, GBAM and GWIM, with the remaining operations recorded in all Other† (Bank of America, 2010). The auditors provide a clear report of the firm and they dedicate thei r report to the society. The reason for the bank’s downfall which has reduced its profits in the year 2010 was a decrease in the growth of assets. Similarly the bank has raised large amounts of debt in the last financial year and aims to improve its financial and capital strength. Bank of America is the one of the earth’s major financial organizations, serving individual customers, small- and middle-marketplace business and big businesses with a complete variety of asset management, investing, banking and other fiscal and risk management goods and services. The business offers unmatched expediency in the US, serving around 57 million customer and small business relations with around 5,900 retail banking offices and about 18,000 ATMs and award-winning online banking by way of 29 million active consumers. Bank of America is one amongst the world's foremost wealth management businesses and is a worldwide leader in business and trading and investment banking across a wide variety of asset classes, serving businesses, governments, organizations and persons around the world. â€Å"Bank of America does not undertake an obligation, and disclaims any duty, to update any of the information in

The Origins Of The Classical Symphony And The Classical Orchestra

The Origins Of The Classical Symphony And The Classical Orchestra Claire Michelle Walsh – Level 1 – History Project 2 Listen and follow Mozarts Symphony No.40 in G minor K550. Describe the character and form of each movement. Go on to write down the instruments used and explain why this is considered a â€Å"classical orchestra. You will need to research the origins of the classical symphony and the classical orchestra. The question is really asking for an analysis of the symphony but to concentrate on the large – scale forms. However you will have to show how movements fit the forms and this will also include a certain amount of harmonic and motivic analysis The orchestra that had taken shape during the baroque period began to expand and become more balanced. During the early eighteenth century the four part string ensemble became established which has remained mainly unchanged. The harpsichord was set aside by the end of the eighteenth century due to larger scale of the orchestra and the invention of the piano. By the end of the eighteenth century the standard large orchestra consisted of: two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two or four horns, two trumpets, timpani and a full string section. The Symphony originally in three movements became four movements, incorporating a minuet and trio. The movement structure was the same as instrumental sonata form. Movement one is usually at a fairly fast speed usually in sonata form in contrast to the second movement which was played at a slower tempo, with a singing melody line. This was often in ternary, variation or sonata form. A minuet and trio in ABA form was the basis of the third movement, concluding in the final movement which was either in rondo, sonata or variation form. Mozart wrote forty one symphonys during his life. Symphony No. 40 in G minor is exceptionally well known and has been used widely in television and film. An early critic of Mozarts music, Otto Jahn called it â€Å"a symphony of pain and lamentation†(scribd.com/doc/7742485). Whereas another critic, Kramer stated that it was â€Å"nothing but joy and animation† (scribd.com/doc/7742485). These two quotes are of the extreme in describing its mood and character. It is the second of his last three symphonies, which were composed between June and August in 1788. The work is said to have been written without a commission and was written at the height of his expressionist phase. The instrumentation is written as we would find in the standard eighteenth century classical orchestra: one flute, two oboes, 2 clarinets, two bassoons, two horns. The string section consisted of: two first and two second violin players, two violas, one cello and one string bass. The instrumentation does not include any percussion or weighty brass. What we are expecting to hear includes an extra flute, two trumpets and timpani as found in a typical Johann Stamitz composition. It was he who The horns are used for effect to emphasize the crescendos and sforzando. The work is in four movements, in the usual arrangement (fast movement, slow movement, minuet, fast movement) for a classical-style symphony: Molto allegro Andante Menuetto: Trio Allegro assai Every movement but the third is in sonata form, the minuet and trio are in the usual ternary form. Molto Allegro The first movement of the ‘Symphony No. 40 in G Minor by W.A. Mozart is written in Sonata form. The piece begins with perhaps the most recognisable openings of any of his symphonies. The movement in cut common time, in the key of G Minor, commences with the first theme in bar one, played by the first and second violins, played piano in the tonic key. Bar 14 sees the woodwind section enter for the first time, still piano. The first dynamic change happens in bar 16 with a forte woodwind entry; the violins then repeat the first subject, piano in bar twenty. The key then modulates in bar 28, to the relative Major of B-Flat for a bridge passage, it is her that we hear a forte dynamic for the first time which leads to the 2nd theme. In bar 43 Mozart uses a silent bar across the whole orchestra, having created the tension this is then dissipated. The 2nd theme begins in bar 44 until bar 72, the clarinet and bassoon playing a piano melody initially which is then passed to the strings. This melody is a more lyrical feminine passage that is very chromatic throughout. This codetta commences at bar 77 in the dominant key and is based around the first 3 notes of the first theme and is played by the clarinet and then imitated by the bassoon. This four bar phrase concludes with the strings playing a variation of the phrase concluding with a strong IV – I cadence. This is then repeated with the oboe and bassoon taking the lead and again concluded with the strings. Commencing at bar 88 there is descending quaver runs throughout the orchestra leading to rising crotchets. In bar 100 there is a repeat back to the beginning. Bars 72- 75 The Development begins in bar 101 with the key now in F-Sharp Minor, modulating in bar 115 to the key of E Minor. It is at this point we can hear the melody in the Bassoon and the Bass line with contrapuntal writing in the upper woodwind. The harmony now expands and changes key very two bars, through A, D and G minor, C major for one bar followed by one bar of F Major, until reaching Bb Major. The violins then play the 1st theme in a falling sequence, whilst the lower strings introduce a counter melody. The movement builds with use of a pedal A in the Bass line, expecting the Recapitulation the Bass line creates a stretto which is then climaxed with a forte in bar 152. Here all parts are all competing to get their idea heard. The sudden dynamic change in bar 160 releases the tension with the commencement of the Recapitulation in bar 164. The Recapitulation back in the tonic key begins with the upper strings which are joined by the lower strings in comparison to the beginning of the movement, this is then joined in bar 168 by the bassoon playing a new countermelody . The 2nd theme is then reintroduced. Mozart uses suspensions commencing at bar 199 to create tension, to further this he uses imitation at the half between the upper and lower strings. Further tension is heard in the bass line at bar 218 with minims alternating between Bb and A. In bar 226 there is another silent bar throughout the orchestra. Bar 228 sees the reintroduction of second subject still in the tonic key. It is during this we hear in bar 247 new ideas played in the First Violin culminating in Diminished and dominant seventh chords. Bar 260 sees the return of the first theme passed between all the woodwind parts and after a chromatically rising syncopated passage throughout the orchestra, the dynamic drops to a sudden piano the first theme is once again heard in the first and second violins. In bar 293 the whole orchestra plays a rousing forte for the last seven bars. Andante The second movement is a lyrical work in 6/8, in E flat major. The orchestration is the same except that the horns are now in E flat. It commences with the violas playing a quaver motif, a bar later this is taken up by the second violin. A bar later the first violin plays this in imitation. This passage is one of the main themes in this movement. Bars 1-8. Theme A A demisemi-quaver motif then begins in bar 16, which acts as a bridging passage to theme B. This rhythm plays an important role for the movement of this whole movement. Theme B at bar 20 is played by the first violin and answered by the flute, the texture is very thin and simple. At bar 27 there is a three way conversation between the woodwind ending in the first violin ending the conversation at bar 35. A smooth theme is introduced in bar 37, which is briefly interrupted at bar 43 by a bar of semi-quavers, but soon returns to its previous texture before the section is repeated. The development section of the 2nd movement begins, with the earlier demisemi-quaver motif, which is enforforced by the bass, playing a rising chromatic figure for bar 56- 62. The recapitulation commences in bar 74. We hear small segment from both themes played until a final theme is heard in bar 108. Menuetto This third movement is in Minuet and Trio form and commences in the key of G Minor. Unlike a traditional dance Mozart uses the whole orchestra which remains full throughout. He uses a hemiola, a 2/4 feel in a 3/4 time signature, with a rising melody line. The movement opens with a strong melody played by the strings and the woodwind, consisting of two, three bar phrases followed by two, and four bar phrases, which is then repeated back to the beginning. The second section in B flat Major it is a variation of the first, played contrapuntally. The trio modulates to G major where he has thinned the texture for the first section. The second section sees the return of the Horns bringing a contrasting texture to the end of the trio. Finale – Allegro assai The final movement, Allegro Assai, begins almost like a Baroque Concerto Grosso, with contrasting piano string and forte tutti passages alternating every two bars. An important quaver motif, heard in bar 3 can be heard repeatedly throughout the movement, for example the bridge passage at bar 32. Bars 1-15 Theme B is introduced in bar 71 in the key of B flat Major. It is more thinly scored with a lighter feel. The melody is played by the first violin, being handed to the clarinet at bar 85, who plays a duet with the bassoon. Bar 101 sees the coda played forte and continues until bar 124 with growing intensity where it is repeated back to the beginning. Bars 125 – 134 includes a bridging passage that is very different to anything we have heard earlier, this leads into the development phase of the movement. Bars 125-141 A piano theme is then heard, which is passed around the woodwind and first violin parts with lower string accompaniment. This acts as a bridging passage before we hear a fugal section commencing at bar 152 in the strings which modulates through many different keys. Bars 205 -206 are primarily silent before the beginning of the recapitulation in the key of G Minor. Theme B can be heard again in bar 247 before a closing section which can found at bar 277. This consists of a forte passage with running quavers in the violins, which is dramatically dropped to a piano four bar passage at bar 286. The symphony concludes with a burst of energy at bar 290 whilst the running quavers are a constant until the last three separate chords from the whole orchestra.

P2P File-Sharing Essays -- Computers Software Technology Essays

P2P File-Sharing INTRODUCTION Technology is moving at an ever-increasing rate, which faces us with many new issues as we move into a digital age. Gone are the days where property and transactions were physically tangible. A medium of an electronic nature is now today’s preferred choice as opposed to traditional means. This new electronic medium is hardly tangible yet it is becoming more pervasive in our lives. So what exactly are some of these technologies and issues associated with them? This paper will look into both the domestic and the international issues associated with MP3 and Peer-to-Peer technologies over the Internet. So what started the big fuss associated with Peer-to-Peer technologies like Napster? We will begin by looking at the original motivation behind Internet file sharing software. Enter MP3. The MP3 Craze The term MP3 is now a household name. The technology is widely known and can be found in a multitude of software as well as in dedicated playback devices. However, MP3s were not widely known until 1998 when a free windows based player named Winamp was released 1. Lets take a brief look at how MP3s came to be. MP3 is shorthand for MPEG-Layer 3, which stands for the Moving Picture Experts Group, Audio Layer III 1. The MP3 compression algorithm was developed by the Fraunhofer Institut in Erlangen, Germany during the mid-1980s 1. For those who are not already familiar with the technology, MP3 encoding essentially compresses a large sound file into a much smaller file with little noticeable sound degradation. Standard compression reduces the size of a sound file by ten times, which results in files that are approximately 1 MB per minute 2. This proved to be a powerful tool, especially as the Internet... ...tory.cfm?id=70>. RIAA â€Å"FAQ On Napster and Digital Music.† RIAA.org. . Sax, Jodi, â€Å"Recording Artists Speak Out On Napster†, February 2001, . Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric. â€Å"Napster Dividing Artists From Prince 2 Dave Matthews.† MTV.com News. 2 Mar. 2001 . Smith, Seagrumn. â€Å"From Napster to Kazaa: The Battle Over Peer-To-Peer File Sharing Goes International.† Duke Law. 28 Mar. 2003 . Spinello, Richard A. â€Å"Frameworks for Ethical Analysis.† Chapter 2 of Ethical Aspect of Information Technology (Prentice Hall) 1 Jan. 1995 Yang, Beverly., Garcia-Molina, Hector., â€Å"Comparing Hybrid Peer-to-Peer Systems.† Technical Report, Stanford University. Feb. 2001

Essay --

Shane Moreland What is the Gospel? The Gospel is who Jesus was/is, the meaning of his death, and his resurrection. The main idea is to show that God opened up His kingdom and invited us along inside. It details the importance of scripture, the promises, and prayers that point to Jesus sacrifice on the cross. Jesus came down to Earth from heaven even though he did not have to and died for every single person’s sins. The Gospel deepens our Christian faith and life in numerous ways. The Gospel offers instruction on how to live righteously, guides us to who we are destined to be, gives us teaching on how we can share Christ with others, and teaches us to pray and grow our relationship with Christ. In NT Wrights explanation of what is the Gospel, he explains that the world and culture is constantly changing. He is saying in order to understand the truths of the world; we must personally go seek for them. We all have to grow up and be leaders and stop being followers. We don’t know who really wrote the Gospels and don’t even know if they wanted or titled the given name â€Å"Gospels†. NT Wright comments on how in Mark 1:1, it states, â€Å"The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God;.† People assumed just because Mark said that, then Matthew, Luke, John must be Gospels too. The Gospels are at one point defined as the good news about how God did the thing that he had always promised to do. The whole story is a public announcement about something that has happened as a result of which the whole world is a different place and everyone is invited to discover that for themselves and to live within the new world that thereby has been created . That is the good news. You can say it in a hundred different ways, but that is the story that... ...e views us as his wonderful work. We should pray because God calls on us to be faithful and obedient to him. Sometimes we pray to God without even realizing it. There are so many things in this world that connect us to God that we don’t even know about. The spreading of good news is what we do when we share the good that Christ has done for us. It is a personal calling for each person to gladly accept him from an eternity in hell and to show that he cares for us by rescuing us from Satan’s corruptions. In conclusion, the Gospel is who Jesus was, the meaning of his death, and his resurrection. The Gospel deepens our Christian faith and life in many ways. It offers us how to live righteously, guides us to who we are destined to be, and gives us instruction on how we can share Christ with others. Lastly, it instills in us to pray and grow our relationship with Christ.

American Immigration 1607-1830 Essay

Ever since its founding in 1776, and even before then, the United States has attracted immigrants from around the world. For well over two centuries, people have flocked under this nation’s protective wings as opportunists, sojourners, missionaries, refugees, and even illegal aliens. With the Statue of Liberty greeting Europeans entering Ellis Island, and The Golden Gate Bridge greeting Chinese and other Asians into San Francisco, the U. S. has long since been a refuge of the world, with opportunities abound and freedom for all. Over time, millions around the world have found emigrating to the U. S. as the only alternative to starvation, death, or a life full of hardship and suffering. With thousands from nations spanning the globe, America has become a mosaic of people, culture, and hope. The Regulations and Laws In 1862, the first measure restricting immigration enacted by Congress was a law forbidding American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U. S. 20 years later in 1882, Congress upped the constraint, passing the Chinese Exclusion Act restricting all Chinese immigrants entry into the U.  S. At about the same time, acts passed by Congress in 1875, 1882, and 1892 provided for the examination of immigrants and for the exclusion from the U. S. of convicts, polygamists, prostitutes, person suffering from loathsome or contagious, diseases, and persons liable to become public charges. Also passed were the Aline Contract Labor Laws of 1885, 1887, 1888, and 1891, prohibiting the immigration to the U. S. of persons entering the country to work under contracts made before their arrival. The English Out of all the ethnic groups in the world, most consider the English to have had to most crucial role in paving the way for U. S. immigration. The English were the ones to establish colonies of which the United States of America sprung from. Their offspring formed the largest component of the Republic and the foundations they laid influenced all subsequent newcomers. The first successful permanent English settlement was Jamestown, founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company. Jamestown was founded on May 14, 1607, by a small group led by Captain Christopher Newport, who was hired by the London Company to transport colonists. Many settlers died from famine and disease in the winter of 1609-10. The survivors were encouraged to stay in Jamestown by the arrival of new settlers and supplies the following June. In 1612 tobacco growing was started. The colony prospered and became the capital of Virginia. In 1619 the first representative assembly in America was held here. In the same year, at Jamestown, the first black slaves were introduced into the original 13 colonies. The village was often attacked by Native Americans. In 1622, 350 colonists were killed; 500 in 1644. Colonists rebelling against the rule of Governor William Berkeley burned Jamestown in the seat of government was moved to the Middle Plantation (now Williamsburg) in 1699, and Jamestown was deserted. The National Park Service and the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (which owns 9 hectares/23 acres of the island), have excavated and restored the area. The Jamestown Archaeological Laboratory contains relics unearthed by National Park Service excavations. Jamestown Festival Park, adjacent to the national park, has full-scale replicas of early ships and a re-creation of James Fort (1607). Pavilions depict Native American and English cultures. (Microsoft, 1998) Immigration to New England began with the migration of Pilgrims who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts Bay in 1620. In 1629, a large mount of English Puritans with charter and a mission to set up a Puritan commonwealth establish a settlement on the Massachusetts Bay. The following decade from 1630 to 1640 marked the period of time known as the Great Migration. During this time, Massachusetts’s population skyrocketed with the migration of approximately 21,000 immigrants to New England, about a third of them being Britons. However, by 1660, large-scale migration from Britain to New England rapidly decreased and immigration to the New World was officially discouraged. But during 1700’s, Britain began to restrict emigration out of England to the U. S. In 1718, the British Parliament prohibited immigration of skilled workers from the British Isles to migrate to the U. S. and in 1775, an outbreak of revolutionary violence stops immigration from Britain. From that point on, only a trickle of British immigrants came to the USA, compared to the rest of western Europe. The Germans Around the year 1700, many Germans were fleeing their homeland to find an easier life in other European countries, the Western Hemisphere, and Australia due to extremely violent conditions. Unlike most immigrants, German immigrants mostly did not immigrate for political reasons. In fact, the country was repeatedly being attacked by armies of various nationalities. Inhabitants of the southwestern part, especially, were constantly robbed and tortured. Entire villages were often burnt down and their inhabitants killed. During the flood of emigrants from Germany, its rulers tried to stop the flow, but to little effect. In fact, the flow increased, and in 1709 about 15,000 Germans left for Britain, and 3,000 crossed the Atlantic to New York. In 1745, there were an estimated 45,000 Germans living in Pennsylvania alone. After the year 1800, Germans still poured into the US, but for different reasons than the earlier generations. Modernization and population growth forced many Germans from their respective family businesses. Also, modernization made immigrating more convenient and faster with inventions such as the steam boat and steam train. Many Germans took long, complicated, but cheap routes through Great Britain by way of train and boat to get to the United States. In the United States, most Germans lived on the countryside. Only about two fifths lived in cities larger than 25,000 people. In 1870, German-born farmers made up one third of the agricultural industry in the region. This does not include most Pennsylvanian Germans who were born native to the US. German farmers didn’t just stay in the east. Large numbers of German farmers could be found in the Midwest and in Texas. Some even went as far west as Anaheim, California. West coast German farmers, though, didn’t live up to the east coast stereotype of a German farmer. Most of the west coast farmers would sacrifice fertile land for a closer location to other Germans. Also, in cities, Germans would cluster together to form communities not unlike the Chinese Chinatowns. These replications of Germany would house prominent German businesses such as the lager beer industry. German entrepreneurs such as bakers, butchers, cabinetmakers, cigar makers, distillers, machinists, and tailors also could be found in abundance in these â€Å"Miniature-Germany† towns. German women, however, were less likely than the average American woman to enter the labor force. Very few German women could be found holding jobs in a factory, or as a clerk. Instead, they sought after work as bakers, domestic workers, hotel keepers, janitors, laundry workers, nurses, peddlers, saloon keepers, and tailors. Not all Germans got along in large groups, though. During much of the nineteenth century, divisions among Germans seemed more significant those between German Americans and other groups. These divisions were based on geography, on ideology, and on religion. The first two were most apparent before 1871, when the push for German unification tended to unite most but certainly not all German Americans in feelings of pride in their fatherland and its achievements. Initially, German immigrants tended to identify themselves as Bavarians, Wurttembergers, Saxons, and so on, although intellectuals and those who politicized yearned for some kind of German unification. Most of these were liberals of one kind or another, who dreamed of a more-or-less democratic Germany. Even so, when unification did come to Bismarckian, autocratic terms after the wars of unification, all but the most ideologically committed German Americans rejoiced: Liberals and conservatives, as well as the more numerically important apolitical, were united in a feeling of pride. (Roger Daniels, 1990) Religious differences were more enduring. Most German immigrants were Protestants, with Lutheranism by far the most denomination; perhaps a third of German immigrants were Catholics, and around 250,000 were Jewish. With the Lutheran community in the United States there was considerable friction. Nineteenth-century German Lutheran immigrants found that the existing German Lutheran churches in the US had developed into what, to them, were unwelcome tendencies. Most had been Americanized enough so that English was used for all or part of their services. Even worse, doctrine had been liberalized. The older churches and their offshoots, established by immigrants who had come before the Revolution, had come closer to Reformed and even Anglican churches and in many instances had adopted preaching styles similar to that of the Methodists. These trends were, not surprisingly, more pronounced in the cities than in the country. In New York and Philadelphia, for example, Lutheran bodies had adopted new constitutions in which all reference to the Augsburg Confession had disappeared. The result was, eventually, schism. By 1847, under the leadership of a recent immigrant pastor, C. F. W. Walther, whose enemies called him â€Å"the Lutheran pope of the West,† the newer Lutheran arrivals who wished to maintain the old-style doctrine had organized the Missouri Synod. Over the years it has remained the bulwark of the more conservative American Lutherans, regardless of where they live. The Italians During the mass emigration from Italy during the century between 1876 to 1976, the U. S. was the largest single recipient of Italian immigrants in the world. However, their impact was not as great as countries like Argentina and Brazil. That was due to the fact that hundreds of thousands of immigrants from nations all over the world were migrating to the U. S. at the same time and American born natives already made up the majority ethnic group. The Italians did play a major role though, socially with individuals rising to national stature in many different fields. In 1850, less than 4,000 Italians were reportedly in the U. S. However in 1880, merely four years after the influx of Italian immigrants migrated, the population skyrocketed to 44,000, and by 1900, 484,027. From 1880 to 1900, southern Italian immigrants became the predominant Italian immigrant and stayed that way throughout the mass migration. Despite the increase numbers, the Italians were not the largest foreign-origin group in American cities. Outnumbered by groups migrating for decades before them. Italians only made-up 1. 5% of the U. S. population at its peak. In the U. S. where the abundance of cheap land could no longer be found, the mostly agricultural Italians in Italy, became mostly urban. Starting from the bottom of the occupational ladder working up, they worked jobs such as shoe shinning, ragpicking, sewer cleaning, and whatever hard, dirty, dangerous jobs others didn’t want. Even children worked at an early age, as in Italy, even at the expense of their educations. The Italians were known for rarely accepting charity or resorting to prostitution for money, another reflection of patterns in Italy. As in many other places in the world, Italians in America clustered into groups related to their place of origin. For example, the Neapolitans and Sicilians settled in different parts of New York, and even people from different parts of Sicily settled on different streets. However, what seldom occurred in U. S. were Italians enclaves, or all-Italians neighborhoods. The Italians would disperse themselves in other immigrant groups, such as, the Irish, the Jews, the Germans, and the Poles, while remaining in their clusters. Also, immigrants usually settled in different regions of U. S. based in where they came from in Italy. The Sicilians resided in New Orleans, the Neapolitans and Calabrians in Minnesota, and mostly northern Italians in California. However most of the Italians were concentrated in the mid Atlantic states in 1910 with 472,000 in New York and nearly 200,000 in Pennsylvania at the time. The living conditions for the Italians tended to be over crowded and filthy all over the U. S.. Italian laborers also tended to skimp on food in a desperate attempt to save money. However, after time and new generations of Italians, the dirtiness of their homes disappeared along with the complaint of weak Italians from lack of nutrition. The Italians were noted for their diligence and sobriety as workmen. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, Italians often became fishermen, shoemakers, waiters, fruit sellers, and tradesmen. Most were unskilled laborers though, working in mines and construction jobs. Over the years, the Italians rose up the economic scale but acquiring job skills in blue-collar job rather than by becoming educated and entering that profession. The Irish The Irish were unfortunately divided during much of the nineteenth century and was therefore helpless in the face of its grave problems. The Act of Union of 1803 incorporated the island into British polity, but was useless in easing the difficult situation of the people.. With an overly large population as the result of the Napoleanic Wars, the Irish soon became impoverished. And with the religious prejudice of Protestant Masters to the Catholic Irish, plus political subordination, many had no alternative by to emigrate to the United States for relief. Between 1820 and 1860, the Irish were never less than a third of all immigrants. The British Passenger Acts attempted to deflect the immigration from the British Isles to Canada instead of the U.  S. , making the fare a cheap 15 shilling compared to the 4 or 5 pound fare to New York. Many Irish soon found it convenient to take the affordable trip to Canada, where they could buy cheap fares to the U. S. , or cheaper yet, they could walk across the border. By 1840, the Irish constituted nearly half of all entering immigrants, and New England found it self heavily foreign born. By 1950, the Irish consisted of one fifth of all foreign born in the originally homogenous region. In 1845, the great potato rot touched off a mass migration. The disaster eliminated the sole ubsistence of millions of peasants, thrusting them over the edge of starvation. For five weary years, the crops remained undependable, and famine swept through the land. Untold thousands perished, and the survivors, destitute of hope, wished only to get away (Handlin, 1972). The only mode of escape was emigration. Starving families that could not pay landlords faced no alternative but to leave the country in hopes of a better future. And thus the steadily scaling number of Irish who entered the U. S. between 1820 and 1830 skyrocketed in the 1840s, nearly 2 million came in that decade. The flow persisted increasingly for another five years, as the first immigrants began to earn the means of sending for relatives and friends. The decade after 1855 showed a subside in the movement, but smaller numbers continued to arrive after the Civil War. Altogether, almost 3. 5 million Irishmen entered the U. S. between 1820 and 1880. Emigrating to the U. S. wasn’t the magical solution for most of the immigrants. Peasants arrived without resources, or capital to start farms or businesses. Few of them ever accumulated the resources to make any meaningful choice about their way of life. Fortunately for them, the expansion of the American economy created heavy demands for muscle grunt. The great canals, which were the first links in the national transportation system were still being dug in the 1820s and 1830s, and in the time between 1830 and 1880, thousands of miles of rail were being laid. With no bulldozers existing at the time, the pick and the shovel were the only earth-moving equipment at the time. And the Irish laborers were the mainstay of the construction gangs that did this grueling work. In towns along the sites of work, groups of Irish formed their small communities to live in. By the middle of the nineteenth century, as American cities were undergoing rapid growth and beginning to develop an infrastructure and creating the governmental machinery and personnel necessary to run it, the Irish and their children got their first foothold- on the ground floor. Irish policemen and firemen are not just stereotypes: Irish all but monopolized those jobs when they were being created in the post-Civil War years, and even today Irish names are clearly over-represented in those occupations (Daniels, 1990). Irish workmen not only began laying the horsecar and streetcar tracks, but were some of the first drivers and conductors. The first generations worked largely at unskilled and semiskilled occupations, but their children found themselves working at increasingly skilled trades. By 1900, when Irish American mend made up about a thirteenth of the male labor force, they were almost a third of the plumbers, steamfitters, and boilermakers. Industry working Irish soon found themselves lifted up into boss and straw-boss positions as common laborers more and more arrived from southern and eastern Europe- Italians, Slavs, and Hungarians. In years after 1860, Irish Immigration persisted. More than 2. 6 million Irish came in the decades after 1860. However, larger numbers of immigrants from elsewhere masked the inflow of Irish people. Those Irish who did continue to flow into the U. S. tended to settle in the already existing Irish communities, where Catholic Churches had been built, and cultural traditions were carried out. However materialistically poor they were, the Irish were rich in cultural resources, developing institutions that helped them face hardship without despair. Cultural events such as St.  Patrick’s Day were regarded by most Americans as evidence of the separateness of these immigrants, but helped hold the Irish culture together. Their desire for self-expression showed that the Irish understood their group identity. Poor as they were, they drew strength from a culture that explained their situation in the world and provided spiritual resources to face if not to solve the problem. Aside from the church, the most important media of that culture were the press and the stage. All Irish newspapers had either a nationalistic or a religious base, some published as church organs, other drawing support from patriotic societies. Their newspapers interpreted news, accommodated information, and printed popular poems and stories. The stage was even more appealing because it did not demand literacy, presenting to attentive audiences dramas as real as life but not as painful. By the late 1800s, the painful initial Irish transplantation into American society had ended. Second and third generation born and educated in the U. S. replaced the immigrants, but their heritage still stemmed from the peasants’ flight from Ireland and of the hardships of striking new roots in the New World.

Advertising to children Essay

Over the last few decades advertising has altered the lives of many and in particular children. Children are susceptible to what they see and are more prone to act on a whim. This research paper will analyse advertising which is aimed at children and will test the following thesis statement – Thesis – Advertising misleads children in purchasing goods which they do not need. When you think about this, it may not seem that true. You could argue that you don’t know anyone whose fashion or style is influenced by Hollywood’s stars. But, you know you’ve seen people wearing Sean John or JLo brand clothing. Celebrities also influence fashion much more generally. â€Å"Most fashion trends were either started or influenced by the big stars,† says Ramon. Another key component of child intended marketing is the music industry. Stephen Kiehl of the Baltimore Sun says, â€Å"You could be forgiven for confusing the Number 1 song in the U. S. last week with a commercial. † The journalist also mentions that some musical artists are even paid to advertise specific products in their songs. A recent example of this is Petey Pablo’s song â€Å"Freak-a-Leak† in which the lyrics include, â€Å"Now I got to give a shout out to Seagram’s gin. Cause I’m drinkin’ it and they payin’ me for it. † According to the San Francisco marketing company, Agenda Inc. , â€Å"59 brands have been mentioned 645 times in the songs that have made it into the top 20 this year. † Another large reservoir of advertising aimed at children is oddly enough, school. â€Å"‘Looking right’ which really means ‘fitting in’, is very important for young teenagers,† says LaRue- Robinson, a middle school guidance counselor in Forestville, Md. With students caring about how their peers are dressed, moms are beginning to worry; â€Å"It’s gotten really bad now with†¦ Tiny Teddies and Cheezels give a balance diet to children (Houlihan, 2005). On the other hand, some advertisements using prize to deceive children to buy their products. The video (Buy me that, too! 1992) explained how the television advertising deceptive children. From the Cereal Giveaways advertising, children can get a complete set of baseball cards easily (Buy me that, too! 1992. But the presenter said 73 boxes to get a good chance only, this result in expenditure increasing for parents (Buy me that, too! 1992). Therefore, television advertising directed at children is not fair, people can not allow deceptive advertising continue to misleading children, it should be forbid. Some people argue that if government do not allowed manufacturers to promote their products on children television, this will lead to destroy of the children’s product industry. This point of view is biased. Word-of-mouth is influencing children buying power. Harry Potter novel now is popular around the world, but the success is not from television advertising, the books themselves became successful are because of word-of-mouth between children (Blades, Gunter & Oates cited in Proctor &Richards, 2002). Without television advertising, children’s product has been successful in society, Harry Potter gives manufacturers an example that how to achieve success without to promote on children television. Moreover, television advertising is not only method for manufacturers to promote their products. According to the Australia Film Commission report (AFC, 2005), it is estimated the total advertising expenditure with Commercial Economic Advisory Service of Australia (CEASA). Television advertising is not the most important channel for manufacturers in Australia, newspapers is the first choice for manufacturers to promote their products. Also, from the study, manufacturers like to choose radio, magazines and other channels to promote their products (AFC, 2005). Furthermore, 78% of children and adolescents who use the internet do so at home (National Center for Education Statistics, 2003). Internet has become an efficiency way for manufacturers to promote their goods. From the word-of-mouth advertising and study from AFC, people can find the answer easily that forbid the manufacturers to advertise on television will not destroy the children’s product industry. To escape advertising is nearly impossible; brand logos are everywhere. Even in outer space you can’t escape it. In 1993 Schwarzenegger’s underrated and misunderstood classic, (my opinion, I’ll admit it! ) Last Action Hero had it’s logo painted on a satellite for a large fee, and will circle our planet for the next few thousand years. The soldiers fighting in Iraq, even as I write this, are carrying advertisements; the M-16A2 has a Colt logo stamped into its side, a reminder of who makes that quality weapon. Even in the remotest regions of our world artifacts with recognizable logos are found thanks to care packages. (The Gods Must be Crazy is a wonderful movie on this subject. ) Why do we tolerate such invasions to our lives? Largely because these sorts of advertisements slip under our radar, but also for identification purposes; if you came to my house and saw my entertainment centre, you might know what the DVD player, stereo and the television are, but if you are not familiar with gaming systems, you would have trouble distinguishing the X-Box from the Playstation 2 or the Gamecube. So that type of brand labelling does serve a purpose other than advertising in some cases. There are exceptions to the rule of slapping a logo on everything that we purchase, and a clear boundary that corporations will not cross; furniture. A simple scan of the room I’m in shows that that my furniture has nothing denoting where it came from, although I do know that the mattress does have a manufacturer’s tag on it, my sheets cover it. Out of sight, out of mind. Advertising is becoming more and more a part of our society. The film Minority Report features a scene where advertising is everywhere, and customized to the person. This could be construed as an invasion of privacy, as every purchase of the individual is scrutinized and advertising is personally tailored to that person. This type of information gathering is already being tested in seemingly innocent places. Search for a book on amazon.com and you will get recommendations for other products that you may also be interested in based on your search. (Houlihan, 2005, pg76) Advertisers are also starting to work under our radar. On the Internet, advertisers used to use tracking cookies to find out the places you went, what you purchased online and other information. Soon the pop up ad appeared to annoy just about everyone who saw them. Pop ups were preceded by E-junk mail, dubbed Spam. The problem has moved on to what have been dubbed ‘Spybots’ programs that integrate into your browser program and report back the web activity to it’s source. Gator is the most infamous of these. The answer to the thesis statement based on this research paper is yes. To sum up, it is clearly shows that public should outlaw all advertisements that target innocent children. As this is good for children’s health and controls the increasing childhood obesity, and also is of great benefit to the relationship between children and parents. Parents are no longer afraid that children are influenced by unhealthy content of advertisements. Nowadays, more and more countries, like many European Union countries, implement a ban on children’s advertising. Children are a country’s future, protecting their wellbeing and healthy life is the most important responsibility not only for their parents but also for the whole society. References Derived from esbco host – The university of Winnipeg http://libproxy. uwinnipeg. ca/login? URL=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. asp? profile=web CNN. com Health America Australia Film Commission, 2005, what Australians are watching, [Online], Available: http://www. afc. gov. au/gtp/wftvisadrevenue. html [November 24, 2008] Baker, F. 2004, TV-Toy Ad analysis Worksheet, [Online], Available:http://medialit. med. sc. edu/toyadanalysisworksheet. htm [November, 24, 2005]